During the 20th century Italian universities introduced more advanced research degrees, such as the Ph. D., and now that it is part of the E. U. Bologna Process, a new three-year first degree, or “ laurea ” ( equivalent to a B. A.

However, since the adoption of the Bologna Process engineering degrees in Portugal were changed from a 5 year license to a 3 year license followed by 2 years for the MSc: Not having the MSc doesn't confer accreditation by the Ordem dos Engenheiros )

In 1999, in accordance with the guidelines laid down by the Bologna Process, the Italian university system switched from the old system ( vecchio ordinamento, which led to the traditional 5-year Laurea degree, or, in some cases, to a 4-year Laurea degree ), to the new system ( nuovo ordinamento ).

In many European countries, training in forestry is made in accordance with requirements of the Bologna Process and the European Higher Education Area.

* In France, the equivalent of master's degrees is the combination of two individual diplomas the Master 1 ( M1 ) and Master 2 ( M2 ), following the Bologna Process.

In 1999 was the begining of the Bologna Process, which aimed to ensure comparability in the standards and quality of higher education qualifications.

Before the current situation, that is, before the implementation of Bologna Process in 2010, a degree in Civil Engineering in Spain could be obtained after three to six years of study and was divided into two main degrees.

As of August 1, 2005, the University complies with the standards of the Europe-wide Bologna Process and offers Bachelor, Master, Licenciate, and Doctoral degrees.

Despite the Bologna Process which saw the demise of most traditional academic degree courses such as the Diplom and Magister Artium in favour of the more internationally known Bachelors and Masters system, the University of Munich continues to offer more than 100 areas of study with numerous combinations of majors and minors.

It is a common misconception that the Bologna Process is an EU initiative.

The Bologna Process currently has 47 participating countries, whereas there are only 27 member states of the EU.

While the European Commission is an important contributor to the Bologna Process, the Lisbon Recognition Convention was actually prepared by the Council of Europe and members of the Europe Region of UNESCO.

This makes Monaco and San Marino the only members of the Council of Europe which did not adopt the Bologna Process ( although they might consider joining once France and Italy have implemented it ).

Four countries or entities applied to be included in the Bologna Process, but have been rejected so far.

It therefore seems clear that the Kyrgyz Republic is not eligible to join the Bologna Process under the criteria defined in Berlin.

Northern Cyprus is not recognized as an independent political entity by any member of the Bologna Process except Turkey.

Therefore, Northern Cyprus is not eligible to join the Bologna Process under the criteria defined in Berlin.

Under the criteria defined in the Berlin Communiqué, Israel is not eligible for access to the Bologna Process.

Therefore, Kosovo cannot become a member of the Bologna Process for the time being.

The Bologna Process was a major reform created with the claimed goal of providing responses to issues such as the public responsibility for higher education and research, higher education governance, the social dimension of higher education and research, and the values and roles of higher education and research in modern, globalized, and increasingly complex societies with the most demanding qualification needs.

With the Bologna Process implementation, higher education systems in European countries are to be organized in such a way that:

There is much scepticism and criticism of the Bologna Process from the side of academics.

However, the Bologna Process does not standardize semesters, which means that if the summer break at the university is long, the same material has to be crammed into a shorter study year.

The Bologna Process has been implemented concurrently with other reforms, which have been attached as " riders " to the implementation itself.

The Italian scholar Maggiani recently showed that on an Etruscan tomb dedicated to Racvi Satlnei in Bologna ( 5th century BC ) there is a writing that says: " aivastelmunsl

The most comprehensive history is still Hubert Jedin's The History of the Council of Trent ( Geschichte des Konzils von Trient ) with about 2500 pages in four volumes: The History of the Council of Trent, The fight for a Council ( Vol I, 1951 ); The History of the Council of Trent The first Sessions in Trent ( 1545 – 1547 ) ( Vol II, 1957 ); The History of the Council of Trent Sessions in Bologna 1547 – 1548 and Trent 1551 – 1552 ( Vol III, 1970, 1998 ); The History of the Council of Trent Third Period and Conclusion ( Vol IV, 1976 ).

One example is Santo Stefano in Bologna, Italy, an agglomeration of seven churches recreating shrines of Jerusalem.

Standardisation is attempted through the Bologna process.

The first university of Western civilization, the University of Bologna, is located in Italy, where until modern times the only degree granted was that of the doctorate, and all other Italian universities followed that model.

Nowadays Portugal is a signatory to the Bologna process and according to the current legislation the title of doctor ( doutor, doutora ) is reserved for graduate holders of an academic doctorate.

He is reported to have died at Bologna of the Black Death in 1348, and an epitaph in the church of the Dominicans in which he was

The first line connects Milan to Salerno via Bologna, Florence, Rome and Naples, the second runs from Turin to Venice via Milan, and is under construction in parts.

According to the Bologna statistics of the European Union, Italian is spoken as a mother tongue by 65 million people in the EU ( 13 % of the EU population ), mainly in Italy, and as a second language by 14 million ( 3 %).

* 1944 – In Bologna, Italy, the Anatomical Theatre of the Archiginnasio is destroyed in an air-raid.

This process is seen as a step towards the current trend whereby universities in Australia are reducing the amount of named degrees in order to simplify enrolment and to maintain the competitiveness of Australian degrees globally in accordance with the Bologna Accord.

She is credited with writing the first book discussing both differential and integral calculus and was an honorary member of the faculty at the University of Bologna.

Marcello Malpighi is buried in the church of the Santi Gregorio e Siro, in Bologna, where nowadays can be seen a marble monument to the scientist with an inscription in Latin remembering-among other things-his " SUMMUM INGENIUM / INTEGERRIMAM VITAM / FORTEM STRENUAMQUE MENTEM / AUDACEM SALUTARIS ARTIS AMOREM " ( great genius, honest life, strong and tough mind, daring love for the medical art ).

Malpighi is buried in the church of the Santi Gregorio e Siro, in Bologna, where nowadays can be seen a marble monument to the scientist with an inscription in Latin remembering-among other things-his " SUMMUM INGENIUM / INTEGERRIMAM VITAM / FORTEM STRENUAMQUE MENTEM / AUDACEM SALUTARIS ARTIS AMOREM " ( great genius, honest life, strong and tough mind, daring love for the medical art ).

The first such recorded example is that of Ludovico di Varthema of Bologna in 1503.

This is Non al suo amante by Jacopo da Bologna, written around 1350.

He spent time at the University of Paris, and is said to have then studied law at Padua and Bologna.

* 1088: The University of Bologna is established.

* The technology of watermarks is introduced by paper manufacturers of Bologna, Italy.

* June 26 – Battle of Casalecchio: Gian Galeazzo Visconti, the Duke of Milan, crushes the forces of Bologna and Florence, but he dies from a fever later this year and is succeeded by his son Gian Maria Visconti.

* November 13 – Italian artist Guido Reni's famous Pietà, commissioned by the Senate of Bologna, is placed on the greater altar of the church of Santa Maria della Pietà.

* The oldest extant university, the University of Bologna, is founded.

* 1282 – The technology of watermarks is introduced by paper manufacturers of Bologna, Italy.