" In Soviet Russia the Bolsheviks originally embraced " an ideological creed which professed that all religion would atrophy " and " resolved to eradicate Christianity as such.

Yang returned to China as one of the 28 Bolsheviks and originally supported the early communist leader Zhang Guotao, but switched allegiance to Mao's faction during the Long March.

In the early years of Soviet power in Russia, the Bolsheviks used " Comrade " when addressing or referring to people assumed sympathetic to the revolution and to the Soviet state, such as members of the Communist party ( and originally of other pro-revolution leftist formations such as the Left SR ) and people from the " working masses ".

The campaign was not the success the Bolsheviks had originally envisioned mainly because it lacked teacher volunteers, funding, and organization.

Kutepov originally believed terrorist action was necessary to defeat the Bolsheviks and formed the " combat organization ," a militant splinter from the Russian Armed Services Union ( Russkiy Obshcho ­ Voyenskiy Soyuz ) led by General Baron Pyotr Nikolayevich Wrangel

His perspective, originally praised by the Bolsheviks, had a decidedly anti-Russian nationalist character, with a resurgence of Russian patriotism under Stalin, especially during World War II, his historiographical perspective was de-emphasized and replaced by new historical interpretations which praised the role of Russians.

The Bolsheviks started a new workers-oriented newspaper in St. Petersburg on 22 April 1912, and also called it Pravda.

The Gregorian Calendar was instituted in Russia by the Bolsheviks in 1917, Romania accepted it in 1919 under king Ferdinand of Romania ( 1 November 1919 became 14 November 1919 ), Turkey in 1923 under Ataturk, and the last Orthodox country to accept the calendar was Greece also in 1923.

The Western Allies also expressed their dismay at the Bolsheviks, ( 1 ) upset at the withdrawal of Russia from the war effort, ( 2 ) worried about a possible Russo-German alliance, and perhaps most importantly ( 3 ) galvanised by the prospect of the Bolsheviks making good their threats to assume no responsibility for, and so default on, Imperial Russia's massive foreign loans ; the legal notion of odious debt had not yet been formulated.

To move the backward economy of Russia towards a more developed economy in which socialism would become possible, the Bolsheviks adopted a policy of mixed economics, from 1921 to 1928, and also created the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics at the end of 1922.

Though this lasted only a few months until the Bolsheviks took power after the October Revolution ( also called the Bolshevik Revolution ).

The Provisional Government also postponed the land reforms demanded by the Bolsheviks.

The introduction Taylor wrote was fairly sympathetic towards the Bolsheviks but also pointedly tweaked the Kremlin's nose by pointing out certain contradictions between Reed's book and the official historiography in the Soviet Union — for instance Leon Trotsky played a very prominent and heroic role in Ten Days That Shook The World while in 1963 Trotsky was almost a non-person in Soviet historiography, mentioned only in terms of abuse.

While trying to build communist culture, the Bolsheviks also tried to destroy culture not explicitly supporting communism.

The Bolsheviks, in turn, accused the Makhnovists of imposing a formal government over the area they controlled, and also said that Makhnovists used forced conscription, committed summary executions, and had two military and counter-intelligence forces: the Kontrrazvedka, with punitive functions transferred in 1920 to the

At the time, the CPC was under the reign of members of the 28 Bolsheviks, including Bo Gu and Zhang Wentian, and Otto Braun ( also known by his Chinese name, Li De ), the Military Advisor of Comintern, took control of military command.

On the dissolution of the Duma, Tsereteli was sentenced to five years ’ imprisonment and then exiled in 1913 to Irkutsk ; there he became the leader of a circle of moderate Internationalists ( mostly Mensheviks but including also SRs and former Bolsheviks ) called the “ Siberian Zimmerwaldists .”

He viewed their westward advance as a major issue, but also thought that he could get a better deal for Poland from the Bolsheviks than their Russian civil war contenders, as the White Russians – representatives of the old Russian Empire, partitioner of Poland – were willing to accept only limited independence of Poland, likely in the borders similar to that of Congress Poland, and clearly objected to Ukrainian independence, crucial for Piłsudski's Międzymorze, while the Bolsheviks did proclaim the partitions null and void.

( See also, Soviet Revolutionary Communists ( Bolsheviks ))

A few weeks later on July 7, 1918, Andronic Nikolsky, the Archbishop of Perm, was also murdered by the Bolsheviks in the city.

The White movement () and its military arm the White Army ( Бѣлая Армiя / Белая Армия, Belaya Armiya ), also known as the White Guard ( Бѣлая Гвардiя / Белая Гвардия, Belaya Gvardiya ) or the Whites ( Белые and белогвардейцы, " White Guardsmen "), was a loose confederation of Anti-Communist forces who fought the Bolsheviks in the Russian Civil War ( 1917 – 1922 ).

The Bolsheviks also exaggerated the influence of the kulaks in Green armies, who were certainly involved but hardly the driving force of the movement.

The moderate SPD leadership also noted that a determined and well managed group such as the Bolsheviks might well try to seize power in Germany and this determined their behavior towards the left during the German Revolution.

There is also a mass grave of Poles kidnapped in 1919 from Vilnius by the Bolsheviks and shot at Daugavpils.

They were also heavily involved in the Russian Civil War fighting Bolsheviks, at times controlling much of the Trans-Siberian railway and being indirectly involved in the hasty execution of the Tsar and his family.

He was also instrumental in facilitating the passage of the Bolsheviks Vladimir Lenin and Karl Radek across Germany in a sealed train in 1917.

The White Army and its supporters who tried to defeat the Bolsheviks after the October Revolution, as well as the German politicians, police, soldiers and Freikorps who crushed the German Revolution of 1918 – 1919, were also counter-revolutionaries.

Basmachi movements also experienced success in Khiva and Bokhara when the Bolsheviks overthrew the Muslim regimes there.

Wang Ming (; May 23, 1904-March 27, 1974 ) was a senior leader of the early Chinese Communist Party ( CCP ) and the mastermind of the famous 28 Bolsheviks group.

Martov's supporters, who were in the minority in a crucial vote on the question of party membership, came to be called " Mensheviks ", derived from the Russian word меньшинство ( men ' shinstvo, " minority "), whereas Lenin's adherents were known as " Bolsheviks ", from bol ' shinstvo (" majority ").

Soon, however, the terminology changed to " Bolsheviks " and " Mensheviks ", from the Russian " bolshinstvo " ( majority ) and " menshinstvo " ( minority ), based on the fact that Lenin believed that most of the party stood behind him.

Kamenev and Zinoviev were dubious about the idea, but were willing to give it a try under pressure from " conciliator " Bolsheviks like Victor Nogin.

Kamenev, Trotsky's brother-in-law, was added to the editorial board from the Bolsheviks, but the unification attempts failed in August 1910 when Kamenev resigned from the board amid mutual recriminations.

The factions permanently broke off relations in January 1912 after the Bolsheviks organised a Bolsheviks-only Prague Party Conference and formally expelled Mensheviks and recallists from the party.

This congress did not have representatives from the remaining Orthodox members of the original Pentarchy ( the Patriarchates of Jerusalem, Antioch, and Alexandria ) or from the largest Orthodox church, the Russian Orthodox Church, then under persecution from the Bolsheviks, but only effective representation from the Patriarch of Constantinople and the Patriarch of Serbia.

Her resources overstretched by the two-front war, Germany pursued a policy of breaking up Russia from inside by providing financial support both to revolutionary groups such as the Bolsheviks and separatist factions such as the Finnish activists leaning toward Germanism.

In December 1917 the Bolsheviks were themselves under intense pressure from the Germans to conclude peace negotiations at Brest-Litovsk, and Russia Bolshevism was in deep crisis, with a demoralized army and the fate of the October Revolution in doubt.

As a temporary lieutenant-colonel, he led the Baltic German Landeswehr in the Latvian War of Independence, commanding units loyal to Latvia in the successful drive to eject the Bolsheviks from Latgalia.

During the Russian Revolution, anarchists such as Nestor Makhno worked to create and defend — through the Revolutionary Insurrectionary Army of Ukraine — anarchist communism in the Free Territory of the Ukraine from 1919 before being conquered by the Bolsheviks in 1921.

During the Russian Revolution, anarchists such as Nestor Makhno worked to create and defend-through the Revolutionary Insurrectionary Army of Ukraine-anarchist communism in the Free Territory of the Ukraine from 1919 before being conquered by the Bolsheviks in 1921.

Lev Kamenev, Trotsky's brother-in-law, was added to the editorial board from the Bolsheviks, but the unification attempts failed in August 1910 when Kamenev resigned from the board amid mutual recriminations.

During the Russian Revolution, anarchists such as Nestor Makhno worked to create and defend — through the Revolutionary Insurrectionary Army of Ukraine — anarchist communism in the Free Territory of the Ukraine from 1919 before being conquered by the Bolsheviks in 1921.

Rosa LuxemburgLeft communism ' is the range of communist viewpoints held by the communist left, which criticizes the political ideas of the Bolsheviks at certain periods, from a position that is asserted to be more authentically Marxist and proletarian than the views of Leninism held by the Communist International after its first and during its second congress.

During the Russian civil war, in October 1919 White Army commander Nikolai Nikolayevich Yudenich advanced on Petrograd from the side of Detskoye Selo, apparently intending to capture the radio station to announce a victory over the Bolsheviks.

Before the Revolution, despite supporting political reform ( including Bolsheviks elected to the Duma, when opportune ), Lenin proposed that capitalism could ultimately only be overthrown with revolution, not with gradual reforms — from within ( Fabianism ) and from without ( social democracy ) — which would fail, because the ruling capitalist social class, who hold economic power ( the means of production ), determine the nature of political power in a bourgeois society.

Mao was removed from his important positions and replaced by individuals ( including Zhou Enlai ) who appeared loyal to the orthodox line advocated by Moscow and represented within the CPC by a group known as the 28 Bolsheviks.

Bessarabia, having declared its independence from Russia in 1917 by the Conference of the Country ( Sfatul Țării ), called in Romanian troops to protect the province from the Bolsheviks who were spreading the Russian Revolution.