" The most learned man anywhere to be found " according to Einhard's Life of Charlemagne, he is considered among the most important architects of the Carolingian Renaissance.

From the 4th century, when the codex gained wide acceptance, to the Carolingian Renaissance in the 8th century, many works that were not converted from scroll to codex were lost to posterity.

# REDIRECT Carolingian Renaissance

Constantius II depicted in the Chronography of 354 dispensing largesse ( a Renaissance copy of a Carolingian copy ).

The concept is one of the lasting legacies of the Carolingian Renaissance: " Europa " often figures in the letters of Charlemagne's cultural minister, Alcuin.

However the Carolingian Renaissance is said to have occurred during the reign of the Frankish king Charlemagne.

His literary achievements attracted the notice of Charlemagne, and Paul became a potent factor in the Carolingian Renaissance.

This style remained predominant, with some regional variants, until the 15th century, when the Renaissance humanistic scripts revived a version of Carolingian minuscule.

Other historians have argued for a Carolingian Renaissance in the 8th and 9th centuries, and still later for an Ottonian Renaissance in the 10th century.

* Carolingian Renaissance

* Reign of Charlemagne, and concurrent ( and controversially labeled ) Carolingian Renaissance in Western Europe.

The first significant renewal of learning in the West came with the Carolingian Renaissance of the Early Middle Ages.

Gothic or black-letter script, evolved from Carolingian, became the dominant handwriting from the twelfth century until the Italian Renaissance ( 1400 AD – 1600 AD ).

Art historians classify illuminated manuscripts into their historic periods and types, including ( but not limited to ) Late Antique, Insular, Carolingian manuscripts, Ottonian manuscripts, Romanesque manuscripts, Gothic manuscripts, and Renaissance manuscripts.

After the decline of the Roman Empire, the Tironian notes were no longer used to transcribe speeches, though they were still known and taught, particularly during the Carolingian Renaissance.

There are over 500 surviving copies of uncial script, by far the largest number prior to the Carolingian Renaissance.

Carolingian minuscule, one of the products of the Carolingian Renaissance.

In the history of ideas the Carolingian Renaissance stands out as a period of intellectual and cultural revival in Europe occurring from the late eighth century, in the generation of Alcuin, to the 9th century, and the generation of Heiric of Auxerre, with the peak of the activities coordinated during the reigns of the Carolingian rulers Charlemagne and Louis the Pious.

Beyond their efforts to write better Latin, to copy and preserve patristic and classical texts and to develop a more legible, classicizing script, the Carolingian minuscule that Renaissance humanists took to be Roman and employed as humanist minuscule, from which has developed early modern Italic script, the secular and ecclesiastical leaders of the Carolingian Renaissance for the first time in centuries applied rational ideas to social issues, providing a common language and writing style that allowed for communication across most of Europe.

J. T. Shotwell was appalled by such spurious history as that which attributed the fall of the Carolingian empire to the woolen trade, and he urged Adams to `` transform his essay into a real history, embodying not merely those facts which fit into his theory, but also the modifications and exceptions ''.

The Ottonian rulers are also regarded as the first dynasty of the Holy Roman Empire, as successors of the Frankish Carolingian dynasty and Charlemagne, who is commonly viewed as the founder of the Holy Roman Empire.

Vast destruction of the broad quartos of the early centuries of our era took place in the period which followed the fall of the Roman Empire, but palimpsests were also created as new texts were required during the Carolingian renaissance.

He also wrote many letters, verses and epitaphs, including those of Duke / Prince Arichis II of Benevento and of many members of the Carolingian family.

It also saw the breakup of the Carolingian Empire in 843.

The battle also helped lay the foundations of the Carolingian Empire

Fulda also received support from many of the leading families of the Carolingian world.

At the Salon, his paintings — Self-Portrait, portraits of the Rivière family, and Napoleon I on his Imperial Throne — produced a disturbing impression on the public, due to not only Ingres's stylistic idiosyncrasies but also his adoption of Carolingian imagery in representing Napoleon.

In 879, after the death of the Carolingian ruler Charles the Bald, Boso of Provence, ( also known as Boson ), his brother-in-law, broke away from the Carolingian kingdom of Louis III and was elected the first ruler of an independent state of Provence.

From the powerful Carolingian Empire, this standard also became used in neighboring kingdoms.

Martel was also the founder of all the feudal systems that marked the Carolingian Empire, and Europe in general during the Middle Ages, though his son and grandson would gain credit for his innovations.

The Carolingian kings also created a March of Neustria which was a frontier duchy against the Bretons and Vikings that lasted until the Capetian monarchy in the late tenth century.

The traditional Frankish ( and Merovingian ) practice of dividing inheritances among heirs was not given up by the Carolingian emperors, though the concept of the indivisibility of the Empire was also accepted.

Around 130 years later, St. Vedast ( also known as St. Vaast ) established an episcopal see in the town and a monastic community, which developed during the Carolingian period into the immensely wealthy Benedictine Abbey of St. Vaast.

The three year Carolingian Civil War culminated in the decisive Battle of Fontenay-en-Puisaye, also called the Battle of Fontenoy, fought at Fontenoy, near Auxerre, on the 25 June 841.

The elephant's name and events from his life in the Carolingian Empire are recorded in the annales regni francorum ( Royal Frankish Annals ), and Einhard's Vita Karoli Magni also mentions the elephant.

* Pax Nicephori, also sometimes called Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle of 812, Byzantine recognition of the Carolingian empire

* The Caroline minuscule, sometimes just " Caroline ," also known as the Carolingian minuscule

* Pfeffer Mediæval, a Carolingian minuscule typeface which also includes Gothic and Runic characters

Scholia to Persius are also attributed to Annaeus Cornutus ; the latter, however, are of much later date, and are assigned by Jahn to the Carolingian period.

Charles the Fat ( 13 June 839 – 13 January 888 ), also known as Charles III, was the Carolingian Emperor from 881 to 888.

Historical evidence was also found for the Friuli being active in the Carolingian and the early German empires, as well as for the role the German feudal lords played in the region before its annexation to the Duchy of Carinthia in the late 10th century.

The term polyptych can also refer to certain medieval manuscripts, particularly of Carolingian works, in which the columns on the page are framed with borders that resemble polyptych paintings.