* By being the first English language historian to bring attention to the work of the French economist and historian Étienne Mantoux, especially his 1946 book The Carthaginian Peace: or The Economic Consequences of Mr Keynes, he was able to show that Germany was capable of paying reparations to France after the First World War ; the only problem was that the Germans were unwilling.

Étienne Mantoux criticised the impact of Keynes ' book in his book The Carthaginian Peace: or the Economic Consequences of Mr. Keynes, saying that it did more than any other writing to discredit the Treaty of Versailles.

Carthaginian Peace can refer to two things: either ( 1 ) the peace imposed on Carthage by Rome in 146 BC, whereby the Romans systematically burned Carthage to the ground, or ( 2 ) the imposition of a very brutal ' peace ' in general.

By extension, the term " Carthaginian Peace " can refer to any brutal peace treaty demanding total subjugation of the defeated side.

Thus many ( the economist John Maynard Keynes among them ) deemed the Treaty of Versailles to be a " Carthaginian Peace.

" The Morgenthau Plan, which was dropped in favor of the Marshall Plan ( 1948 – 1952 ), might be described as a Carthaginian Peace, as it advocated the ' pastoralization ' ( de-industrialization ) of Germany following her 1945 defeat in World War II.

* 216 BC – Second Punic War: Battle of Cannae – The Carthaginian army led by Hannibal defeats a numerically superior Roman army under command of consuls Lucius Aemilius Paullus and Gaius Terentius Varro.

Aeneas had a year-long affair with the Carthaginian queen Dido ( also known as Elissa ), who proposed that the Trojans settle in her land and that she and Aeneas reign jointly over their peoples.

The Carthaginian general Hamilcar Barca established the fortified settlement of Akra Leuka ( Greek:, meaning " White Mountain " or " White Point "), where Alicante stands today.

The islands were the scene of the Battle of the Aegates Islands of 241 BC, in which the Carthaginian fleet was defeated by C. Lutatius Catulus ; the engagement ended the First Punic War.

Some sources say that the city may have been named after the Carthaginian general Hamilcar Barca, who was supposed to have founded the city in the 3rd century BC.

The second legend attributes the foundation of the city directly to the historical Carthaginian Hamilcar Barca, father of Hannibal, who named the city Barcino after his family in the 3rd century BC.

Besides the history of Augustus ' reign that caused him so much grief, his major works included an Etruscan history and eight volumes on Carthaginian history, as well as an Etruscan Dictionary and a book on dice playing.

The weapon was soon after employed against Motya ( 397 BC ), a key Carthaginian stronghold in Sicily.

The weapon was soon after employed against Motya ( 397 BC ), a key Carthaginian stronghold in Sicily.

* 218 BC – Second Punic War: Battle of the Trebia – Hannibal's Carthaginian forces defeat those of the Roman Republic.

The artisans and blacksmiths of Iberia in what is now southern Spain and southwestern France produced various iron daggers and swords of high quality from the 5th to the 3rd century BC, in ornamentation and patterns influenced by Greek, Punic ( Carthaginian ), and Phoenician culture.

Iberian daggers and swords were later adopted by Hannibal and his Carthaginian armies.

It was Fabius Buteo, his kinsman who formally declared war in the Carthaginian Senate after the capture of Saguntum by Hannibal ( Liv.

Fabius was able to harass the Carthaginian foraging parties, limiting Hannibal's ability to wreak destruction while conserving his own military force.

Minucius openly claimed that Fabius was cowardly because he failed to confront the Carthaginian forces.

Following the defeat at the river Longanus, the Mamertines appealed to both Rome and Carthage for assistance, and acting first the Carthaginians approached Hiero to take no further action and convinced the Mamertines to accept a Carthaginian garrison in Messana.

Either unhappy with the prospect of a Carthaginian garrison, or convinced that the recent alliance between Rome and Carthage against Pyrrhus reflected cordial relations between the two, the Mamertines petitioned Rome for an alliance, hoping for more reliable protection.

While the Romans did not wish to come to the aid of soldiers who had unjustly stolen a city from its rightful possessors, and although they were still recovering from the insurrection of Campanian troops at Rhegium in 271, many were also unwilling to see Carthaginian power in Sicily expand even further.

Leaving the Carthaginians alone at Messana would give them a free hand to deal with Syracuse ; after the Syracusans had been defeated, the Carthaginian takeover of Sicily would essentially be complete.

If one follows Polybius, the course of events was the following: Despite the Carthaginian pre-war naval advantage, the Roman landing was virtually unopposed.

After defeating the Syracusan and Carthaginian forces besieging Messana, the Romans marched south and in turn besieged Syracuse.

After a brief siege, with no Carthaginian help in sight, Syracuse made peace with the Romans.

Following the defection of Syracuse, several other smaller Carthaginian dependencies in Sicily also switched to the Roman side.

The garrison of Agrigentum managed to call for reinforcements and the Carthaginian relief force commanded by Hanno came to the rescue and destroyed the Roman supply base at Erbessus.

Keynes ' portrayal of the Treaty of Versailles as a Carthaginian peace quickly became the orthodoxy in academic circles and was a common opinion amongst the British public.

The Central African Republic is an active member in several Central African organizations, including the Economic and Monetary Union ( CEMAC ), the Economic Community of Central African States ( CEEAC ), the Central African Peace and Security Council ( COPAX-still under formation ), and the Central Bank of Central African States ( BEAC ).

The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences awards the Nobel Prize in Physics, the Nobel Prize in Chemistry, and the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences ; the Nobel Assembly at Karolinska Institutet awards the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine ; the Swedish Academy grants the Nobel Prize in Literature ; and the Nobel Peace Prize is not awarded by a Swedish organisation but by the Norwegian Nobel Committee.

Thomas and the White House Peace Vigil has inspired Eleanor Holmes Norton to introduce the Nuclear Disarmament and Economic Conversion Act, that would require the United States to disable and dismantle its nuclear weapons when all other nations possessing nuclear weapons do likewise.

Official websites said that '.. To this end the RSLAF has targeted 2007 as the base year to initiate a Company for Peace Support Operations for the Economic Community of West African States ( ECOWAS ), the African Union and the UN.

Total program costs for ' Achieving Peace and Security ' were $ 7. 0 billion ; ' Governing Justly and Democratically ', $ 0. 9 billion ; ' Investing in People ', $ 4. 6 billion ; ' Promoting Economic Growth and Prosperity ', $ 1. 5 billion ; ' Providing Humanitarian Assistance ', $ 1. 8 billion ; ' Promoting International Understanding ', $ 2. 7 billion ; ' Stengthening Consular and Management Capabilities ', $ 4. 0 billion ; ' Executive Direction and Other Costs Not Assigned ', $ 4. 2 billion.

Three of its NGOs, namely Universal Peace Federation, Women's Federation for World Peace and Service for Peace, are in consultative status with the UN Economic and Social Council.

* John Maynard Keynes ' book The Economic Consequences of the Peace is published in the UK.

In The Economic Consequences of the Peace, Keynes had written:

Keynes's relationship and later close friendship with Macmillan was to be fortuitous ; through Dan, Macmillan & Co first published his Economic Consequences of the Peace.

* 1919 The Economic Consequences of the Peace

John Maynard Keynes and International Relations: Economic Paths to War and Peace.

* John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of the Peace ( 1919 )

The following year came J. M. Keynes ’ s influential attack the next year on the Versailles Peace Treaty: " The Economic Consequences of the Peace immediately established Maynard as an economist of international eminence ".

The British economist John Maynard Keynes attacked Lloyd George's stance on reparations in his book The Economic Consequences of the Peace, calling the Prime Minister a " half-human visitor to our age from the hag-ridden magic and enchanted woods of Celtic antiquity ".

Anglo-American Economic Collaboration in War and Peace, 1942 – 1949.

* John Maynard Keynes-The Economic Consequences of the Peace

* Donald Markwell, John Maynard Keynes and International Relations: Economic Paths to War and Peace, Oxford University Press, 2006.

* Keynes, John Maynard, The Economic Consequences of the Peace ( 1920 ) famous criticism by leading economist full text online

* Washington Contentious: Economic Policies for Social Equity in Latin America, by Nancy Birdsall and Augusto de la Torre ( Carnegie Endowment for International Peace and Inter-American Dialogue, 2001 )

In 1935 a survey of American academics said Married Love was one of the 25 most influential books of the previous 50 years, ahead of Relativity by Albert Einstein, Interpretation of Dreams by Sigmund Freud, Mein Kampf by Adolf Hitler and The Economic Consequences of the Peace by John Maynard Keynes.