After the failure of the co-emperor Michael IX to stem the Turkish advance in Asia Minor in 1302 and the disastrous Battle of Bapheus, the Byzantine government hired the Catalan Company of Almogavars ( adventurers from Aragon and Catalonia ) led by Roger de Flor to clear Byzantine Asia Minor of the enemy.

* Catalan Company ( or Catalan Grand Company ), a mercenary free company in 14th century Europe

Considered by most to have been the first mercenary company in Western Europe, the Catalan Company proceeded to occupy the Duchy of Athens, which they placed under the protection of a prince of the House of Aragon and ruled until 1379.

* 1311 – Battle of Halmyros: The Catalan Company defeats Walter V of Brienne to take control of the Duchy of Athens, a Crusader state in Greece.

* Catalan Company

* Roger de Flor founds the Catalan Company, with soldiers ( Almogavars ) jobless after the Treaty of Caltabellotta.

* March 15 – Battle of Halmyros: The Catalan Company defeats Walter V of Brienne to take control of the Duchy of Athens.

In 1309 settled there the Almogavars or Catalan Company of the East ( Societas Catalanorum Magna ), which in 1310, after lifting the siege of Thessalonica, withdrew as mercenaries in the pay of the sebastokrator John II Doukas, and took over the country organized in a democracy.

Ramon Muntaner () ( c. 1270 – 1336 ) was a Catalan soldier and writer who wrote the Crònica, a chronicle of his life, including his adventures as a commander in the Catalan Company.

The Catalan Company was an army of light infantry under the leadership of Roger de Flor that was made up of Aragonese and Catalan mercenaries, known as Almogavars ; Roger led the Company to Constantinople to help the Greeks against the Turks.

It deals with the adventures of a knight in the Byzantine Empire with echoes of the real-life Catalan Company.

The Almogavars originally fought for Catalonia and Aragon, but as the Catalan Company, they followed Roger de Flor in the service of the Byzantine Empire.

* Battle of the Cephissus, 15 March 1311 conflict between the Frankish Greek forces of Walter V of Brienne and the mercenaries of the Catalan Company

The Almogavars, under the leadership of Roger de Flor (" Roger Blum ", a former Knight Templar ), formed the Catalan Company in the service of the emperor of the East, Andronicus II Palaeologus.

* Catalan Company

The Catalan Company defeated the Franks and took control of great part of south Greece.

Free company mercenary captains, such as Sir John Hawkwood, Roger de Flor of Catalan Company or Hugh Calveley could be considered as warlords.

Also, by early 20th century, Catalan businessmen had managed to gain control of the most profitable commerce between Spain and its American colonies and ex-colonies, namely Cuba and Puerto Rico.

This marriage effectively put Provence under Catalan control.

Force majeure (,, or ; ) or vis major ( Latin ) " superior force ", also known as força major ( Catalan ), cas fortuit ( French ) or casus fortuitus ( Latin ) " chance occurrence, unavoidable accident ", is a common clause in contracts that essentially frees both parties from liability or obligation when an extraordinary event or circumstance beyond the control of the parties, such as a war, strike, riot, crime, or an event described by the legal term act of God ( such as hurricane, flooding, earthquake, volcanic eruption, etc.

According to her, the violence was the culmination of an anarchist plot which included plans to stop the movement of trains and cut all telegraph and telephone lines ; she cites an " order the Generalitat de Catalunya | Catalan government to its forces to control the telephone building and disarm all people whom they encounter in the streets without proper authorization " as the aim of the anarchist plan.

Without knowledge of the Catalan government, the Catalan councilor for public order, the Communist Rodriguez Salas, tries to take control over the city's central telephone office, which has been controlled since the beginning of the war by the CNT and UGT.

** Public order be under the jurisdiction of the Catalan government exclusively, which should also control finance and taxation

* Setton, Kenneth M. Catalan Domination of Athens 1311 – 1380.

* Setton, Kenneth M. Catalan Domination of Athens 1311 – 1380.

In 1318 / 1319 the Catalan Company conquered Siderokastron and the south of Thessaly and created the Duchy of Neopatras, united to Athens.

A Frankish tower, dating to either the Burgundian or Catalan period, stood on the Acropolis of Athens among the ruins of the Parthenon, then a church dedicated to Saint Mary, until it was dismantled in 1874.

The archiepiscopal offices of Athens and Thebes were held by Frenchmen and Italians until the late fourteenth century, when Catalan or Aragonese people began to fill them.

* Setton, Kenneth M. Catalan Domination of Athens 1311 – 1380.

In 1311, Athens was conquered by the Catalan Company, a band of mercenaries called Almogavars.

The history of Catalan Athens, called Cetines ( rarely Athenes ) by the conquerors, is obscure.

His son Walter VI of Brienne succeeded him in all his titles ; the Catalan Company nominated one of the surviving knights, Roger Deslaur, as their leader and new Duke of Athens by conquest.

Ferdinand's expected aid from Majorca and Sicily was tardy, as was that of the Catalan Company from Athens.

In 1370, he and his brothers, including John of Enghien, wrote to the Doge of Venice to request Venetian aid in reclaiming Athens from the Catalan Company, but help was not forthcoming.

The number of different binary trees on nodes is, the th Catalan number ( assuming we view trees with identical structure as identical ).

It is 120 km ( 75 mi ) south of the Pyrenees and the Catalan border with France.

Persons with the surname Catalan:

The original pronunciation is reflected in languages such as Astur-Leonese, Galician, Catalan, French, Italian and Portuguese that pronounce it with a " sh " or " ch " sound.

After the Spanish Civil War, Francoist Spain persecuted the Anarchists and Catalan nationalists among which Esperanto was extended but in the 1950s, the Esperanto movement was tolerated again with Francisco Franco accepting the honorary patronage of the Madrid World Esperanto Congress.

Catalan influence can be seen in the cuisine here with dishes like brandade made from a purée of dried cod wrapped in mangold leaves.

The term " frigate " ( Italian: fregata ; Spanish / Catalan / Portuguese / Sicilian: fragata ; Dutch: fregat ; French: fregate ) originated in the Mediterranean in the late 15th century, referring to a lighter galleass type ship with oars, sails and a light armament, built for speed and maneuverability.

It is widely used in the Afrikaans, Catalan, Czech, Hungarian, Polish, French, Dutch, Spanish, Italian, Portuguese, Romanian, Bahasa Indonesia, Scandinavian and German languages, with the same meaning.

The word graal, as it is earliest spelled, comes from Old French graal or greal, cognate with Old Provençal grazal and Old Catalan gresal, meaning " a cup or bowl of earth, wood, or metal " ( or other various types of vessels in Southern French dialects ).

Lexical similarity is 90 % with French, 88 % with Catalan, 85 % with Sardinian, 82 % with Spanish and Portuguese, 78 % with Rhaeto-Romance, and 77 % with Romanian.

* 1952 Le Chiffre sept – La Nappe du Catalan ( in collaboration with Georges Hugnet )

For many centuries, the Occitan dialects ( together with Catalan ) were referred to as Limousin or Provençal, the names of two regions lying within modern " Occitania ".

Occitan is closely related to Catalan, with which it shares many linguistic features and even a common origin ( see Occitano-Romance languages ).

It is an official language of Catalonia together with Catalan and Spanish.

Currently, the festivals of moros y cristianos ( Castilian ), moros i cristians ( Catalan ), mouros e cristãos ( Portuguese ) and mouros e cristiáns ( Galician ), these meaning " Moors and Christians ", recreate the fights as colorful parades with elaborate garments and lots of fireworks, especially on the central and southern towns of the Land of Valencia, like Alcoi, Ontinyent or Villena.

In the last decade, the Sardinian language has been legally recognized ( with Albanian, Catalan, German, Greek, Slovene, Croatian, French, Franco-Provençal, Friulian, Ladin, and Occitan ) by the Law 482-1999, yet its actual acknowledgement in the present-day life is hard.

* Allioli-" garlic and oil " in Catalan, the classic ingredients are only garlic, oil and salt, but the most common form of it includes mayonnaise and garlic, served on bread or with boiled or grilled potatoes, fish, meat or vegetables.

While the zarzuela tradition flourished in Madrid and other Spanish cities, Catalonia developed its own zarzuela, with librettos in Catalan.