Roser Segimon was the wealthy widow of Josep Guardiola, an Indiano, a term applied locally to the Catalans returning from the American colonies with tremendous wealth.

The few Spaniards who remained in Gibraltar in August 1704 were augmented by others who arrived in the fleet with Prince George of Hesse-Darmstadt, possibly some two hundred in all, mostly Catalans.

The festival has a broad main stream focus with pop related music as well as traditional acoustic guitar music and alternative music with international guests like Caetano Veloso ( 2007 ), Rumberos Catalans, Pedro Soler, Bernardo Sandoval, Peter Finger, Aaron and Bryce Dessner ( 2008 ).

As with the Basques, many of the Catalans fought on the Carlist side, not because they supported absolute monarchy, but because they hoped that restoration of the Old Regime would mean restoration of their fueros and recovery of regional autonomy.

During the first years, all resistance was energetically suppressed, the prisons filled up with political prisoners, and thousands of Catalans went into exile.

When Pope Eugene III preached the Second Crusade, Alfonso VII, with García Ramírez of Navarre and Ramon Berenguer IV, led a mixed army of Catalans and Franks, with a Genoese – Pisan navy, in a crusade against the rich port city of Almería, which was occupied in October 1147.

* Panellets are small pastries made of pine nuts, almonds and sugar with different shapes and flavors, eaten during la Castanyada, that Catalans celebrate on 1 November instead of Halloween.

Goikoetxea also severely injured German Bernd Schuster when the latter played with the Catalans, leaving him with a serious right knee injury, from which Schuster never fully recovered to his level of earlier seasons.

Vazov includes the Catalans with the Turks as the greatest oppressors of the Bulgarian nation.

Turks participated with the side of Catalans.

Politicians, including the PM José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero, steered clear of the issue in order not to alienate some Basques, Catalans, or Galicians who tend to identify with their own regions rather than with the Spanish state.

For suppressing Berenguer of Toulouse and the Catalans, Louis the Pious rewarded Bernat with a series of counties, which roughly delimit 9th century Septimania: Narbonne, Béziers, Agde, Magalona, Nîmes and Uzés.

Under the Catalans, the Athenian diocese had expanded its jurisdiction to thirteen suffragans, but only the diocese of Megara, Daulia, Salona, and Boudonitza lay with the duchy itself.

The Florentine Acciaioli ( or Acciajuoli ) governed the duchy from their removal of the Catalans, with the assistance of the Navarrese.

It was also the main force behind a revival of the Països Catalans idea and, with it, of the blaverist reaction against it as well.

However, with the conservative People's Party waging a political war against the Catalan Statute of Autonomy and opposing recognition for the language in the east of Aragon, Pujol has stated that, at least since before the Spanish transition to democracy, " there is more aggression towards Catalonia than ever ", and that Catalans can " no longer hope for anything from the Spanish state ".

* Interview with Jordi Pujol, " We ( the Catalans ) Are Excluded From the Spanish Global Project "

He pursued active commercial relations with the West, by renewing trade agreements with the Italians and establishing new ones with the Catalans.

Catalan nationalists in Roussillon would like the Pyrénées-Orientales department to secede from Languedoc-Roussillon and become a region in its own right, under the proposed name of " Catalunya Nord " ( Northern Catalonia ), as part of the Països Catalans ( Catalan Countries ), a new country.

He is using ceramics not as objects ( like the series of ritual icons which he did in 1998 for the church Sant Eulalia, Church of the Catalans, in Palermo, Sicily ) but for the formation of a crafted mural of approximately 300m2.

The Island was conquered by the Catalans, added to the Crown of Aragon and later became part of the medieval Kingdom of Majorca.

Instead, in 1466, Margaret was betrothed to Peter, Constable of Portugal, whom the rebellious Catalans had invited to become their King.

In 1115, Palma was sacked and later abandoned by an expedition commanded by Ramon Berenguer III the Great, count of Barcelona and Provence, which comprised Catalans, Pisans and other Italians, and soldiers from Provence, Corsica, and Sardinia, in a struggle to end Almoravid control.

Historically, the county and its dialect was influenced by its political alliances, conquerors and rulers — ranging from the Romans to the Goths, Navarrese, the Franks, Moors, Castilians and Catalans.

He was sent to lead the revolted Catalans.

The second oldest line the Línia Llobregat-Anoia was opened in 1892 as an interurban tram using metre gauge tracks, which was taken over by the Companyia General dels Ferrocarrils Catalans ( CGFC ) in 1912 and transformed it into a train line ; CGFC being later taken over by FSB and FCC, followed by the broad gauge Lleida – La Pobla de Segur line in 1951 and operated by RENFE until it was transferred to FGC in 2005-2010.

Some peace was restored to the coast by the establishment in 879 of a new kingdom of Provence, ruled first by the Bosonids dynasty ( 879 – 1112 ), then by the Catalans ( 1112 – 1246 ), and finally by the Angevins ( 1246 – 1382, elder branch, 1382 – 1483 ( younger branch ).

Under the Catalans, the feudal system continued to exist, not anymore under the Assizes, but under the Customs of Barcelona, and the official common language was now Catalan instead of French.

The Athenian parliament elected the count of Brienne to succeed Guy, but his tenure was brief and he was killed in battle by the Catalans.

On that occasion Alfonso VII, at the head of mixed forces of Catalans, Genoese, Pisans and Franks, led a crusade against the rich city, and Almería was occupied in October 1147.

Aspiring to marry Isabella of Castile, he was then thrown into prison by his father, and the Catalans rose in his favor.

Because of the layered structure of the manuscript, he concludes that Thucydides actually lived in medieval times and in describing the Peloponnesian War between the Spartans and Athenians he was actually describing the conflict between the medieval Navarrans and Catalans in Spain from AD 1374 to 1387.

During the 1930s, he co-founded the group GATCPAC ( Grup d ' Artistes i Tècnics Catalans per al Progrés de l ' Arquitectura Contemporània, i. e. Group of Catalan Artists and Technicians for the Progress of Contemporary Architecture ), which later became, with the addition of the western and north groups, the GATEPAC ( Grupo de Artistas y Técnicos Españoles para el Progreso de l ' Arquitectura Contemporánea ), which was in turn the Spanish branch of the Congrès International d ' Architecture Moderne ( CIAM ).

Inspired by the ideas of Herder, Savigny and the entire Scottish School of Common Sense, they asked why the Catalans were different from other Spaniards — especially the Castilians ( Conversi 1997: 15 ) For example, Cortada wanted to determine why, despite its poor natural environment, Catalonia was so much more successful than other parts of Spain.

To them, " the traditional Catalan seny was a manifestation of the Volksgeist ", one which made Catalans essentially different from Castilians ( Llobera 2004: 75 ).

It was held by the Catalans until 1388.

He was the architect of the Casa Martí ( also known as " Els Quatre Gats "), which became a place of ideas, projects and social gatherings for such well-known Catalans as Santiago Rusiñol and Ramon Casas.

2006 saw club stalwarts Simon Woolford, Clinton Schifcofske and the club's longest serving player, Jason Croker, leave the club, going to St George Illawarra, the Queensland Reds rugby union team and the European Super League club Catalans Dragons respectively.

The second leg in Barcelona, was an easy game for the Catalans, ending in a 2-0 win for the home team.

In 2006, the Perpignan based team Catalans Dragons entered Super League Europe, and have since produced a number of top-class French players.

At the end of the 2005 an extra team was relegated from Super League in order to accommodate French side Catalans Dragons.

* 2009: On Saturday 20 June the Perpignan-based rugby league team, Catalans Dragons lost 12-24 to Warrington Wolves in the first Super League match to be played in Spain, drawing a crowd of over 18, 500.

* Catalans Dragons — Although Super League used a promotion and relegation system at that time, Les Catalans, as the only French team in the otherwise all-English competition, were assured of a place in the league through 2008.

Before this the team had largely been quite competitive despite the run of defeats, but the wheels came off as the side suffered a number of large defeats such as 34 – 0 against play-off challengers Catalans Dragons, 46 – 12 against Wakefield Wildcats and a 0 – 68 thrashing against Leeds Rhinos in front of a Newport crowd of 5, 597.

Croker signed a two year deal to play for French team Catalans Dragons from 2007, which, after two successful campaigns, was extended by a further year in 2008.

Interest in Mason was said to be high with a number of high profile rugby union and rugby league clubs chasing Mason's signature, Japanese Rugby Union teams, French Super League team Catalans Dragons and the Queensland Reds were just some of the clubs after Mason.