The Chalcedonian creed was written amid controversy between the western and eastern churches over the meaning of the Incarnation ( see Christology ), the ecclesiastical influence of the emperor, and the supremacy of the Bishop of Rome.

This miaphysite position, historically characterised by Chalcedonian followers as " monophysitism " though this is denied by the dissenters, formed the basis for the distinction from other churches of the Coptic Church of Egypt and Ethiopia and the " Jacobite " churches of Syria and Armenia ( see Oriental Orthodoxy ).

Those who supported the Chalcedonian definition remained in communion with the other leading churches of Rome and Constantinople.

Since the 1980s theologians from the Oriental ( non-Chalcedonian ) Orthodox and Eastern ( Chalcedonian ) Orthodox churches have been meeting in a bid to resolve theological differences, and have concluded that many of the differences are caused by the two groups using different terminology to describe the same thing ( see Agreed Official Statements on Christology with the Eastern Orthodox Churches ).

The formulation of the Chalcedonian Creed caused a schism in the Alexandrian and Syriac churches.

In the 5th century, Oriental Orthodoxy separated from Chalcedonian Christianity ( and is therefore separate from both the Eastern Orthodox and Roman Catholic churches ), well before the 11th century Great Schism.

The vast majority of Christians nowadays belong to the so-called " Chalcedonian " churches.

Intercommunion between the Oriental Orthodox and various Chalcedonian churches has not yet been reestablished.

Ultimately, however, the dialectic between the schools of Alexandria and Antioch produced Christologies that on all sides ( notwithstanding ongoing differences between the Oriental Orthodox and Chalcedonian churches ) avoided the extremes and reflect both points of view.

Accepted by the sees of Rome, Constantinople, and Antioch, the Chalcedonian settlement encountered strong resistance in Alexandria ( and in Egypt generally ), leading ultimately to the schism between the Oriental Orthodox churches ( which reject Chalcedon ), on the one hand, and the so-called Chalcedonian churches on the other.

The churches condemned at Constantinople included the Oriental Orthodox churches and the Maronite church, although the Oriental Orthodox deny that they ever held the Monothelite view ( describing their own Christology as Miaphysite ), and the Maronites accept the Chalcedonian formula being in communion with the Roman Catholic Church.

Chalcedonian describes churches and theologians which accept the definition given at the Council of Chalcedon ( 451 AD ) of how the divine and human relate in the person of Jesus Christ.

While most modern Christian churches are Chalcedonian, in the 5th – 8th centuries AD the ascendancy of Chalcedonian Christology was not always certain.

The dogmatical disputes raised during this Synod led to the Chalcedonian schism and as a matter of course to the formation of the non-Chalcedonian body of churches known as Oriental Orthodoxy.

The Chalcedonian churches were the ones that remained united with Rome, Constantinople and the three Roman Orthodox patriarchates of the East ( Alexandria, Antioch and Jerusalem ), that under Justinian II at the council in Trullo were organised under a form of rule known as the Pentarchy.

" This is called the doctrine of the hypostatic union, which is still held today amongst all Protestant, Catholic, and Orthodox Christians, referred to as Chalcedonian Christianity.

The only thing known concerning him following the Council of Chalcedon is the letter of Leo charging him to guard the Chalcedonian victory ( PG, lxxxiii.

The purpose of the condemnation was to make plain that the Imperial, Chalcedonian ( that is, recognizing the hypostatic union of Christ as two natures, one divine and one human, united in one person with neither confusion nor division ) Church was firmly opposed to all those who had either inspired or assisted Nestorius, the eponymous heresiarch of Nestorianism — the proposition that the Christ and Jesus were two separate persons loosely conjoined, somewhat akin to adoptionism, and that the Virgin Mary could not be called the Mother of God ( Gk.

The canons condemning the Three Chapters were preceded by ten dogmatic canons which defined Chalcedonian Christology with a new precision, bringing out that God the Word is the one subject of all the operations of Christ, divine and human.

Monophysitism was condemned by the Council of Chalcedon in 451 ( the " Fourth Ecumenical Council "), which among other things adopted the Definition of Chalcedon ( often known as the " Chalcedonian Creed ") stating that Christ is the eternal Son of God " made known in two natures without confusion mixture, without change, without division, without separation, the difference of the natures being by no means removed because of the union, but the property of each nature being preserved and coalescing in one prosopon and one hupostasis -- not parted or divided into two prosopa, but one and the same Son, only-begotten, divine Word, the Lord Jesus Christ.

The Chalcedonian understanding of how the divine and human relate in Jesus of Nazareth is that the humanity and divinity are exemplified as two natures and that the one hypostasis of the Logos perfectly subsists in these two natures.

* Chalcedonian Christology ; Jesus Christ is fully human and fully God in one person.

Although the UPCI belief in the union of the divine and human into one person in Christ is similar to the Chalcedonian formula, Chalcedonians disagree sharply with them over their opposition to Trinitarian dogma.

Although the Oneness belief in the union of the divine and human into one person in Christ is similar to the Chalcedonian formula, Chalcedonians disagree sharply with them over their opposition to Trinitarian dogma.

There has been a claim that the Chalcedonian Creed restored Nestorianism, however this is refuted by maintaining the following distinctions associated with the person of Christ:

His view of events is everywhere characterized by his belief in overruling Providence ; and as he eulogizes Flavian II, the Chalcedonian patriarch of Antioch, in warmer terms than those in which he praises his great Monophysite contemporaries, Jacob of Serugh and Philoxenus of Mabbog, he was probably an orthodox Catholic.

In Christology, the conception that the Christ is the Logos ( i. e. The Word ) has been important in establishing the doctrine of the divinity of Christ and his position as God the Son in the Trinity as set forth in the Chalcedonian Creed.

In addition to being canonized by the Georgian Orthodox Church as a saint, he is also recognized by various eastern Churches, some of which have deviated from the Chalcedonian doctrine.

The East – West Schism, sometimes known as the Great Schism, is the medieval division of Chalcedonian Christianity into Eastern ( Greek ) and Western ( Latin ) branches, which later became known as the Eastern Orthodox Church and the Roman Catholic Church, respectively.

The Chalcedonian schism is not seen to have great relevance any more and, from dialogue with the Roman pope, a reconciling declaration emerged that stated, in part:

In Chalcedonian Christology, Jesus is the Word of God, which was in the beginning and, thus, is uncreated, and hence is God, and consequently identical with the Creator of the world ex nihilo.

The Chalcedonian Creed is issued, which re-asserts Jesus as True God and True Man and the dogma of the Virgin Mary as the Mother of God.

Taking into account all the evidence available on Pakourianos, the scholar Nina G. Garsoïan proposed that " the most likely explanation is that Pakourian family belonged to the mixed Armeno-Iberian Chalcedonian aristocracy, which dwelt in the border district of Tayk '/ Tao.

The most important outcome of the struggle was a statement of belief known as the Chalcedonian Definition of the faith, which Eusebius of Dorylaeum helped to draft, though his exact significance in that capacity is uncertain.

Churches of the Syriac tradition among the Eastern Catholic Churches are also Chalcedonian.

Acacius was practically the first prelate throughout the Eastern Orthodoxy and renowned for ambitious participation in the Chalcedonian controversy.

Out of the many such sees, five acquired special importance in Chalcedonian Christianity ( beginning with the council held in 451 ) and became classified as the Pentarchy in Eastern Orthodox Christianity.

The Three-Chapter Controversy, a phase in the Chalcedonian controversy, was an attempt to reconcile the Non-Chalcedonian Christians of Syria ( Syriac Orthodox Church ) and Egypt ( Coptic Orthodox Church ) with Chalcedonian Eastern Orthodoxy, following the failure of the Henotikon.

Of the Chalcedonian churches, Greek Catholics continue to use the term, while Eastern Orthodox do not.

However, some portions of the Eastern Church adhere to the Nicene Creed, but not the Chalcedonian Definition.

* East – West Schism, the division of Chalcedonian Christianity into Western Catholicism and Eastern Orthodoxy