During the Sino-Japanese War ( 1937 – 1945 ) and World War II ( 1939 – 1945 ), the Special Research Units of the Imperial Japanese Army, such as Unit 731, conducted human experimentation on thousands of Chinese, among others.

Special cases of the Chinese remainder theorem were also known to Brahmagupta ( 7th century ), and appear in Fibonacci's Liber Abaci ( 1202 ).

The different script systems resulting from the preservation or simplication of original pre-Republic Chinese characters are used by Chinese people living under different jurisdictions: " Simplified Chinese " in Mainland China ( the People's Republic of China ), " Traditional Chinese " in the Special Administrative Regions of Hong Kong and Macau, and " Proper Chinese " ( which is the same script as " Traditional Chinese ") in Taiwan ( the Republic of China ).

Since December 20, 1999, the defense of Macau has been the responsibility of the Chinese People's Liberation Army ( PLA ), which stations between 500-600 troops in the Macau Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China, primarily as a symbolic presence to underscore Chinese sovereignty.

Some special cases are the Special Administrative Regions of Hong Kong and Macau where the Communist Party does not function at all as part of the governmental system, and the autonomous regions where, following Soviet practice, the chief executive is typically a member of the local ethnic group while the party general secretary is non-local and usually Han Chinese.

A team of 16 Chinese Special Forces members from its Marine Corps armed with attack helicopters were on board.

For example, a Unicode code point like U + 5408, which corresponds to a particular Chinese character, has to be converted to a decimal number, preceded by and followed by, like this:, which produces this: 合 ( if it doesn't look like a Chinese character, see Template: Special characters ).

* Chinese Methods of Torture and Execution Photograph collection at University of Victoria, Special Collections

In November 1928, the CCP also established its own intelligence agency ( the " Special Service section of the Central Committee ", or " Zhongyang Teke " ( Chinese: 中央特科 ), often abbreviated as " Teke "), which Zhou subsequently came to control.

BCCI was among the first foreign banks awarded a license to operate in the Chinese Special Economic Zone of Shenzhen which bore testament to Agha Hasan Abedi's public relations skills, a feat that had yet to be achieved by the likes of Citicorp and JP Morgan.

The document known officially as United States Relations with China with Special Reference to the Period 1944-1949, which later was simply called the China White Paper, attempted to dismiss any misinterpretations of Chinese and American diplomacy toward each other.

When China began to reform its economy, Xiamen was made one of the original Special Economic Zones in 1980, to attract foreign investment, particularly from overseas Chinese.

It became a Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China in 1999, two years after Hong Kong was similarly returned to Chinese jurisdiction by the UK.

* Special ethnic foods and restaurants that are frequently found in Brazil include Arab cuisine ( Lebanese and Syrian ), local variations of Chinese cuisine ( nevertheless closer to the traditional than American Chinese cuisine ), Italian cuisine, and Japanese cuisine ( sushi bars are a constant in major metropolises, and people from Rio de Janeiro are more used to temaki than people from São Paulo, the home of most of the 70 % national Japanese diaspora ).

Special territories without full sovereignty, such as the British Crown Dependencies, The Chinese Special Administrative Regions and overseas territories of Denmark, France, the Netherlands, Norway and the United Kingdom, are also not considered microstates.

Hainan Province is the largest Special Economic Zone laid out by Chinese leader Deng Xiaoping in the late 1980s.

By 1949, however, the United States became concerned about the spread of communism in Asia, particularly following the end of the Chinese Civil War, and began to strongly support the French as the two countries were bound by the Cold War Mutual Defense Programme.

Along with several other Chinese universities, East China Normal University has hosted the United Kingdom government funded Study China Programme for a number of years.

In the 2009 test of the Programme for International Student Assessment ( PISA ), a worldwide evaluation of 15-year-old school pupils ' scholastic performance by the OECD, Chinese students from Shanghai achieved the best results in mathematics, science and reading.

* Temasek Junior College ( IP + Chinese Language Elective Programme )

Bonus points are capped at 4, except for those applying to schools offering Chinese Language Elective Programme ( CLEP ) or Malay Language Elective Programme ( MLEP ).

The flagship of the China-EU School of Law ( CESL ) in Beijing is a Double Master Programme including a Master of Chinese Law and a Master of European and International Law ( with special focus on Chinese Law ).

He attended the Anglo Chinese School and Raffles Institution as part of the Gifted Education Programme.

On 1 January 2005, The Chinese High School merged with Hwa Chong Junior College to form Hwa Chong Institution under the six-year Integrated Programme from secondary one to junior college year two.

On 1 January 2005, the college merged with its neighbour, The Chinese High School, to form Hwa Chong Institution, to facilitate the running of the school's Integrated Programme.

Hwa Chong also had the distinction of being the top junior college for two elective programmes: namely, the Humanities Programme and the Chinese Language Elective Programme.

Following the introduction of the Integrated Programme into Singapore's education system in the early 2000s, The Chinese High School merged with Hwa Chong Junior College on 1 January 2005 to form Hwa Chong Institution.

Catholic High School-CHIJ St. Nicholas Girls ' School-Singapore Chinese Girls ' School Joint Integrated Programme ( IP ) will accept its first batch of Secondary One students in January 2013.

It participates in the Integrated Programme with Hwa Chong Institution ( formed by the merger of Hwa Chong Junior College and The Chinese High School ) under the Hwa Chong Affiliate Programme.

On 2 June 2005, at the invitation of the Chinese Ministry of Foreign Affairs and the Ministry of Water Resources, MRC CEO Dr. Olivier Cogels and a delegation of the Secretariat's senior staff made the first official visit to Beijing to hold technical consultations under the framework of cooperation between China and the MRC, within the scope of the Mekong Programme. The delegation identified a number of potential areas of cooperation with the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the Ministry of Water Resources and the Ministry of Communication, Information and Transport.

* Chinese Traditional Theatre Programme

Dunman High School ( DHS ) ( formerly known as Dunman Government Chinese Middle School ) is an autonomous co-educational secondary school in Singapore offering the Integrated Programme.

Mr. Wong holds a Bachelor's Degree in Science and a Master of Business Administration Degree ( Executive MBA Programme ) from The Chinese University of Hong Kong.

LEUNG CChem FRSC Professor Director, Applied Chemistry with Management Studies Programme, The Chinese University of Hong Kong

The Programme formally commenced after the signing of a memorandum of understanding between British Prime Minister John Major and Chinese Premier Li Peng in Beijing on 3 September 1991, and lasted 8 years in total.

JJC was announced as the 4th Language Elective Programme ( Chinese ) Centre by the MOE on 9 April 2005.

The Chinese Language Elective Programme ( CLEP ) aims to encourage students who have the interest and ability to take up H2 Chinese Language and Literature.

The school launched a 4-year Chinese Studies Programme ( CSP ) in January 2005 to provide pupils opportunities to increase their exposure and have a deeper appreciation of Chinese culture.

The population of the Banda Islands prior to Dutch conquest is generally estimated to have been around 13, 000-15, 000 people, some of whom were Malay and Javanese traders, as well as Chinese and Arabs.

Southeast Asian English comprises Singapore English and Malaysian English ; it features some influence from Malay, Chinese languages and dialects, and Indian English.

A fourth phase of foreign influence was immigration of Chinese and Indian workers to meet the needs of the colonial economy created by the British in the Malay Peninsula and Borneo.

Although the Chinese and Indian communities could maintain their own Chinese and Tamil-language primary schools, all their students were required to learn Malay, and to study an agreed “ Malayan curriculum .” Most importantly, the entry exam to the University of Malaya ( which moved from Singapore to Kuala Lumpur in 1963 ) would be conducted in Malay, even though most teaching at the university was in English until the 1970s.

All this certainly tended to reduce to gap between Chinese and Malay standards of living, although some argued that this would have happened anyway as Malaysia ’ s trade and general prosperity increased.

Gerakan was a deliberately non-communal party, bringing in Malay trade unionists and intellectuals as well as Chinese and Indian leaders.

Fear of what the changes might mean for them ( as much of the country's businesses were Chinese owned ), a Malay backlash resulted, leading rapidly to riots and inter-communal violence in which about 6, 000 Chinese homes and businesses were burned and at least 184 people were killed.

It also created an unofficial barrier against Chinese access to higher education, since few Chinese are sufficiently fluent in Malay to study at Malay-language universities.

This latter figure was deceptive because many businesses that appeared to be Malay-owned were still indirectly controlled by Chinese, but there is no doubt that the Malay share of the economy considerably increased.

The Chinese remained disproportionately powerful in Malaysian economic life, but by 2000 the distinction between Chinese and Malay business was fading as many new corporations, particularly in growth sectors such as information technology, were owned and managed by people from both ethnic groups.

Malaysia has had regular elections since 1974, and although campaigning is reasonably free at election time, it is in effect a one-party state, with the UMNO-controlled National Front usually winning nearly all the seats, while the DAP wins some Chinese urban seats and the PAS some rural Malay ones.

The result of this was that the PAS won a number of Malay seats from UMNO, but many Chinese voters disapproved of this unnatural alliance with the Islamist PAS, causing the DAP to lose many of its seats to the MCA, including that of its veteran leader, Lim Kit Siang.

According to the Chinese source, Chu-fan-chi, written circa 1200, Chou Ju-kua reported in the early 13th century Srivijaya still ruled Sumatra, the Malay peninsula, and western Java ( Sunda ).

Kajang's population of 342, 657 is 60. 4 % Malay, 19. 3 % Chinese, 9. 7 % Indians, and 10. 6 % other ethnic groups.

When Portugal conquered Malacca in 1511 and committed atrocities against the Malay Sultanate, the Chinese responded with violent force against Portugal.

Indentured labour began with Chinese, Malay, African and Malagasy labourers, but ultimately, it was India which supplied the much needed laborers to Mauritius.

The English word " mandarin " ( from Portuguese mandarim, from Malay menteri, from Hindi mantri, from Sanskrit mantrin, meaning " minister or counsellor "), originally meant an official of the Chinese empire.

Singapore is a multicultural country with a majority population of Chinese ( 74 percent ), with substantial Malay ( 13 percent ) and Indian minorities ( 9. 2 percent ).

Malay fertility-rate is ~ 70 % higher than Chinese and Indians.