In 1902, he earned his doctorate from the University of Zurich with the thesis On the Metrical Properties of Collinear Structures.

( Collinear means the points are incident on a line.

: Collinear transverse acoustic waves or perpendicular longitudinal waves can change the polarization.

* Laser Raman Spectroscopy and Modelling of Diamondoids

* Tunable Diode Laser Absorption Spectroscopy ( TDLAS )

de: Tunable Diode Laser Absorption Spectroscopy

Outside the field of analytical chemistry, e. g. when used with the Tunable Diode Laser Absorption Spectroscopy ( TDLAS ) technique, the absorbance is often defined using the natural logarithm instead of the common logarithm, i. e. as

* Tunable Diode Laser Absorption Spectroscopy ( TDLAS )

In addition to M. Sc and M. Phil courses in Physics, the department researches Applied Optics, Laser and Spectroscopy, Magnetism, Opto-electronic Devices, Solid State Physics, Thin Film Photo-voltaic and Advanced Materials.

** LIBS ( Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy )

These “ signatures ” are of great relevance to LIGO ( Laser Interferometer Gravitational Wave Observatory ), a multi-institution gravity-wave experiment for which Thorne has been a leading proponent — in 1984, he cofounded the LIGO Project ( the largest project ever funded by the NSF ) to discern and measure any fluctuations between two or more ' static ' points ; such fluctuations would be evidence of gravitational waves, as calculations describe.

Improved variants of the Kennedy – Thorndike experiment have been conducted using optical cavities or Lunar Laser Ranging.

It consisted of four experiments: Return Flux Experiment ( REFLEX ) to test accuracy of computer models predicting spacecraft exposure to contamination ; Global Positioning System Attitude Determination and Control Experiment ( GADACS ) to demonstrate GPS technology in space ; Solar Exposure to Laser Ordnance Device ( SELODE ) to test laser ordnance devices ; Spartan Packet Radio Experiment ( SPRE ) and the Amateur Radio Association at the University of Maryland ( W3EAX ) amateur radio communications experiment.

Other experiments onboard STS-72 included the Shuttle Solar Backscatter Ultraviolet Experiment ( SSBUV-8 ) ( previously flown on STS-34, STS-41, STS-43, STS-45, STS-56, STS-62 and STS-66 ), EDFT-03, Shuttle Laser Altimeter Payload ( SLA-01 / GAS ( 5 )), VDA-2, National Institutes of Health NIH-R3 Experiment, Space Tissue Loss Experiment ( STL / NIH-C ), Pool Boiling Experiment ( PBE ) ( hardware previously flown on STS-47, STS-57 and STS-60 ) and the Thermal Energy Storage ( TES-2 ) experiment ( previously flown on STS-69 ).

The Lunar Laser Ranging experiment combined with data of LAGEOS satellites refutes that simple gravity modification is the cause of the Pioneer anomaly .< ref >

* Lunar Laser Ranging experiment

# REDIRECT Lunar Laser Ranging experiment

Not included in the ALSEP but deployed by Irwin as well were the Lunar Laser Ranging Experiment ( LRRR ) and the solar wind composition experiment.

In addition to managing JPL, Caltech also operates the Palomar Observatory in San Diego County, the Owens Valley Radio Observatory in Bishop, California, the Submillimeter Observatory and W. M. Keck Observatory at the Mauna Kea Observatory, the Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory at Livingston, Louisiana and Richland, Washington, and Kerckhoff Marine Laboratory in Corona del Mar, California.

Games do not have to stop at the avatar-player level, but current implementations aiming for more immersive playing space ( i. e. Laser tag ) take the form of augmented reality rather than cyberspace, fully immersive virtual realities remaining impractical.

Over the next five decades, he created covers for numerous books and magazines, notably Astounding Science Fiction both before and after its title change to Analog ; Mad magazine ( for whom he painted many early covers featuring the iconic character, Alfred E. Neuman ) from 1958 to 1962 ( he started at Mad in February 1957 and by July 1958 was the magazine's new cover artist ; he painted most of its covers until October 1962 ); cover art for DAW, Signet, Ballantine Books, Avon, all 58 Laser Books ( which are now collectors ' items ), and over 90 covers for Ace books alone.

The current laser at the UK Atomic Weapons Establishment ( AWE ), the HELEN ( High Energy Laser Embodying Neodymium ) 1-terawatt neodymium-glass laser, can access the midpoints of pressure and temperature regions and is used to acquire data for modeling on how density, temperature and pressure interact inside warheads.

* < span style =" color :# 00f ;"> Blue-Rebound Laser </ span >-fires three thin beams ; one horizontal, two at 45 ° diagonals.

Beginning in 1985, the Air Force tested an SDIO-funded deuterium fluoride laser known as Mid-Infrared Advanced Chemical Laser ( MIRACL ) at White Sands Missile Range.

These games included: Gridrunner, Abductor, Matrix: Gridrunner 2, Hellgate, Hover Bovver, Attack of the Mutant Camels, Revenge of the Mutant Camels, Return of the Mutant Camels, Laser Zone, Mama Llama, Metagalactic Llamas Battle at the Edge of Time, Sheep in Space, Voidrunner, and Iridis Alpha.

Early in the morning of 2 October 2000 at the High Energy Laser Systems Test Facility ( HELSTF ), Lightcraft Technologies, Inc. ( LTI ) with the help of Franklin B. Mead of the U. S. Air Force Research Laboratory and Leik Myrabo set a new world's altitude record of 233 feet ( 71 m ) for its 4. 8 inch ( 12. 2 cm ) diameter,, laser-boosted rocket in a flight lasting 12. 7 seconds.

In November 2010, for the first time, cold antihydrogen was produced and magnetically confined for about a sixth of a second by the Antihydrogen Laser Physics Apparatus ( ALPHA ) team at CERN, and in 2011 antihydrogen was maintained for over 15 minutes.

It is closely involved in major international projects such as the European X-Ray Free-Electron Laser, the Large Hadron Collider in Geneva, the IceCube Neutrino Observatory at the South Pole and the International Linear Collider.

Laser printing traces its history to efforts by Gary Starkweather at Xerox in 1969, which resulted in a commercial system called the Xerox 9700.

However, this approach made a comeback following further innovations, and is being developed at both the United States National Ignition Facility, the French Laser Mégajoule as well as the planned European Union High Power laser Energy Research ( HiPER ) facility.

In 1996, the movie was released on videocassette and on Laser Disc at its original runtime of 99 minutes.

The players started at the same time and place, and used their points from the first five rounds to buy advantages, such as directional arrows in the Rings, completed words at the computer ( on one occasion, an easier path through the Laser Matrix ), batons already removed from the Response Revolve, or ladder pieces already built.

Heat 1 contestant Simon Evans was disqualified as he had not completely worked out all four words at the Laser Matrix computer yet proceeding through the rest of the round regardless ( he was told of his disqualification at the top of the Krypton Mountain ) and in Heat 2 the following week, contestant Alison Riley was disqualified as she had forcibly pulled out batons from the Response Revolve when the corresponding lights weren't flashing and unlike Evans, she was edited out of the remainder of the round after she had begun her ascent on the ladder and a replay was shown of her illegal move.

Home theater designs and layouts are a personal choice, and the minimum set of requirements for a home theater are: a television set or video projector CRT ( no new models sold in U. S .), LCD, DLP, plasma display, organic light-emitting diode ( OLED ), SXRD, Laser TV, rear-projection TV, video projector, SDTV, HDTV, or 3DTV at least 27 " inches measured diagonally, an AV receiver or preamp ( surround processor ) and amplifier combination capable of at least stereo sound but preferably 5. 1 Channel Dolby Digital and DTS audio, and something that plays or broadcasts movies in at least stereo sound such as a VHS HI-FI VCR or LaserDisc player ( no new stand-alone models of either are available ; VHS VCRs are usually bundled in combo decks with DVD players ), a DVD player and / or a Blu-ray Disc player, cable or satellite receiver, video game console, etc.

Options include Liquid crystal display television ( LCD ), plasma TV, OLED, SXRD, DLP, Laser TV, rear-projection TV, a traditional CRT TV ,( only available second-hand at this point ) or video projector and projection screen.

The MIRACL Near Infrared Laser, at White Sands Missile Range, NM was fired at a stationary Titan I second stage that was fixed to ground.

* Laser Squad: a science fiction tactical game by the original creators of X-COM and an immediate predecessor of X-COM ( UFO: Enemy Unknown began development as Laser Squad 2 at first ).

Laser Doppler anemometers use a beam of light from a laser that is divided into two beams, with one propagated out of the anemometer.

Laser spectroscopy is used as a tool for studying phenomena with energy in the range of visible light, for example, to study non-linear optics and forbidden transitions in media.

* Cyan Wisp is an alien-like creature from Sonic Colors with an attack move called Cyan Laser.

Laser welding is becoming more common as a method of attaching the drive plate to the disc ring with the laser typically being between 2-3KW and a feed rate 1m / minute.

General relativity also predicts the existence of gravitational waves, which have since been observed indirectly ; a direct measurement is the aim of projects such as LIGO and NASA / ESA Laser Interferometer Space Antenna and various pulsar timing arrays.

Laser science or laser physics is a branch of optics that describes the theory and practice of lasers.

Laser science is principally concerned with quantum electronics, laser construction, optical cavity design, the physics of producing a population inversion in laser media, and the temporal evolution of the light field in the laser.

Laser microscopy is a rapidly growing field that uses laser illumination sources in various forms of microscopy.

* Laser cladding – metallic powder is blown through a movable laser beam ( e. g. mounted on a NC 5-axis machine ).

The most current estimate from Lunar Laser Ranging for the acceleration is ( see Chapront et alii 2002 ): (− 25. 858 ± 0. 003 )"/ cy < sup > 2 </ sup >.

* < span style =" color :# f00 ;"> Red-Counter-air Laser </ span >-at full power, this is a powerful, horizontal double transverse wave.

The technology was also used to develop the Tactical High Energy Laser, ( THEL ) which is being tested to shoot down artillery shells.

For example, one does not buy " Laser Vision ", but the effect " Energy Blast ", and specifies that it is a laser emitted by the hero's eyes.

Rochester's Laboratory for Laser Energetics is home to the second most powerful fusion laser in the world.

** The first LAGEOS ( Laser Geodynamics Satellite ) is launched.

At CERN, this device is called the Resonance Ionization Laser Ion Source ( RILIS ).

Laser lithotripsy is another technique, which involves the use of a holmium: yttrium aluminium garnet ( Ho: YAG ) laser to fragment stones in the bladder, ureters and kidneys.

* Titan Laser: Titan is a combined nanosecond-long pulse and ultrashort-pulse ( subpicosecond ) laser, with hundreds of joules of energy in each beam.

Laser beam quality is quantified by the beam parameter product ( BPP ).

Speckle is considered to be a problem in laser based display systems like the Laser TV.

The point source has a wavelength of 633 nm ( e. g. He-Ne Laser ) and is located 1 m from the disc.

Laser printing is a digital printing process that rapidly produces high quality text and graphics on plain paper.