This period is also associated with the Commercial Revolution.

** Commercial Revolution

* Commercial Revolution

The Commercial Revolution was a period of European economic expansion, colonialism, and mercantilism which lasted from approximately the 16th century until the early 18th century.

The Commercial Revolution is marked by an increase in general commerce, and in the growth of financial services such as banking, insurance, and investing.

In his best-known book, The Commercial Revolution of the Middle Ages ( 1971, with numerous reprints ), Lopez argued that the key contribution of the medieval period to European history was the creation of a commercial economy, centered at first in the Italo-Byzantine eastern Mediterranean, but eventually extending to the Italian city-states and over the rest of Europe.

As the economy grew through the Commercial Revolution, so did attempts to understand and influence it.

Capitalism as a theory developed toward the end of the Commercial Revolution, supplanting mercantilism as the prevailing economic theory.

The Commercial Revolution, coupled with other changes in the Early Modern Period, had dramatic effects on the globe.

An equally important consequence of the Commercial Revolution was the Columbian Exchange.

The effects of these assumptions of European superiority increased during the period of European imperialism, which started slowly in the 15th century, accelerated by the Scientific Revolution, the Commercial Revolution and the rise of colonial empires in the " Great Divergence " of the Early Modern period, and reached its zenith in the 18th to 19th century with the Industrial Revolution and a Second European colonization wave.

## Portugal Inaugurates the Commercial Revolution: 1300 – 1517

Even many of the jobs initially created by the Commercial Revolution in the years from 1520 to 1650 and later during Industrialisation in the 18th and 19th centuries would not have been salaried, but, to the extent they were paid as employees, probably paid an hourly or daily wage or paid per unit produced ( also called piece work ).

Merchants and Revolution: Commercial Change, Political Conflict, and London's Overseas Traders.

Shipley historical significance was summed up by David Allen in his biography: " Shipley's life included in its span the surge of English Commercial self-confidence which Defoe celebrated and which was to be feared by Napoleon, the spectacular first stage of the industrial Revolution from the flying shuttle to steam-powered cotton mills, the flowering of English genius in the arts from Hogarth to Turner, and the growth of English philanthropic endeavor from the first county hospitals to Hannah More's " Age if Benevolence.

The period in Europe witnessed the decline of feudalism and includes the Reformation, the disastrous Thirty Years ' War, the Commercial Revolution, the European colonization of the Americas, and the Golden Age of Piracy.

As a term and as a common form of labor, ' piece work ' had its origins in the guild system of work during the Commercial Revolution and before the Industrial Revolution.

Commercial interest is chiefly in this type of treatment, as is military interest under peacetime conditions.

Commercial telescopes are available new and used, but in some places it is also common for amateur astronomers to build ( or commission the building of ) their own custom telescope.

Capitalised, BASIC is sometimes taken as an acronym that stands for British American Scientific International Commercial.

But this is one more demonstration of the point mentioned above ( Commercial economies ), that the newly independent states recognized the importance of a predictable and established body of law to govern the conduct of citizens and businesses, and therefore adopted the richest available source of law.

Examples of common law being replaced by statute or codified rule in the United States include criminal law ( since 1812, U. S. courts have held that criminal law must be embodied in statute if the public is to have fair notice ), commercial law ( the Uniform Commercial Code in the early 1960s ) and procedure ( the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure in the 1930s and the Federal Rules of Evidence in the 1970s ).

Commercial trade in wild-caught specimens of these species is illegal ( permitted only in exceptional licensed circumstances ).

Commercial DDT is a mixture of several closely – related compounds.

The Volkswagen Commercial Vehicles Transporter ( VWN ) factory at Hannover-Stöcken is the biggest employer in the region and operates a huge plant at the northern edge of town adjoining the Mittellandkanal and Motorway A2.

Karachi is not only Commercial, Industrial and Educational center, It is also a tourist destination for domestic and International tourists.

In the United States, " merchant " is defined ( under the Uniform Commercial Code ) as any person while engaged in a business or profession or a seller who deals regularly in the type of goods sold.

Commercial nitrogen is often a byproduct of air-processing for industrial concentration of oxygen for steelmaking and other purposes.

Commercial fishing and fish processing is the fastest-growing sector of the Namibian economy in terms of employment, export earnings, and contribution to GDP.

* Military, Industrial, or Commercial grade ( for example: the LM301 is the commercial grade version of the LM101, the LM201 is the industrial version ).

Commercial harvesting is typically done with large potato harvesters, which scoop up the plant and surrounding earth.

There is a general recognition that there is a need for an international law of contracts: for example, many nations have ratified the Vienna Convention on the International Sale of Goods, the Rome Convention on the Law Applicable to Contractual Obligations offers less specialized uniformity, and there is support for the UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts, a private restatement, all of which represent continuing efforts to produce international standards as the internet and other technologies encourage ever more interstate commerce.

The application of the statute of frauds to dealings between merchants has been modified by provisions of the Uniform Commercial Code, which is a statute that has been enacted at least in part by every state ( Louisiana has enacted all of the UCC except for Article 2, as it prefers to maintain its civil law tradition governing the sale of goods ).

Uniform Commercial Code § 1-206 sets out a " catch-all " statute of frauds for personal property not covered by any other specific law, stating that a contract for the sale of such property where the purchase price exceeds $ 500 is not enforceable unless memorialized by a signed writing.

Commercial speech is speech done on behalf of a company or individual for the purpose of making a profit.

Commercial nuclear power plants use fuel that is typically enriched to around 3 % uranium-235.

Relations further deteriorated when, in January 1948, the U. S. State Department also published a collection of documents titled Nazi-Soviet Relations, 1939 – 1941: Documents from the Archives of The German Foreign Office, which contained documents recovered from the Foreign Office of Nazi Germany revealing Soviet conversations with Germany regarding the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact, including its secret protocol dividing eastern Europe, the 1939 German-Soviet Commercial Agreement, and discussions of the Soviet Union potentially becoming the fourth Axis Power.

Commercial advertisements for local business are also inserted in the programming at the headend ( the individual channels, which are distributed nationally, also have their own nationally oriented commercials ).

Commercial television channels are provided by Southern Cross Tasmania, Tasmanian Digital Television ( TDT ), also providing One HD in high definition only, and WIN Television, also providing the nationwide Go!

However, it also includes a small part of the Old Town Commercial Association.

It also extended trade regulation of the 1940 German – Soviet Commercial Agreement until August 1, 1942, increased deliveries above the levels of year one of that agreement, settled trading rights in the Baltics and Bessarabia, calculated the compensation for German property interests in the Baltic States now occupied by the Soviets and other issues.

Commercial pipe-sweetening products are also available.

Commercial debonders are also available.

Commercial all-talk stations can also be found on the FM band in many cities across the US.

Commercial users, especially those in the financial and retail categories, demanded much higher security and also raised the issues that are being addressed today as companies consider the outsourcing of services.

Commercial television services also became available when private companies applied for television broadcasting licenses.

Commercial banks also converted Federal Reserve Notes to gold in 1931, reducing the Federal Reserve's gold reserves, and forcing a corresponding reduction in the amount of Federal Reserve Notes in circulation.

By the end of 2012 cargo supply to the International Space Station will be flown by privately owned commercial craft under NASA's Commercial Resupply Services by SpaceX's successfully tested the partially reusable Dragon spacecraft, and Orbital Sciences ' Cygnus spacecraft ( also slated for testing in 2012 ).

Commercial paper is also often highly liquid.

Commercial juice is almost always pasteurized, and juice concentrates are also heated sufficiently to kill pathogens.

Commercial trolling for tuna is more successful near offshore banks than in open water areas, and is also enhanced in the vicinity of a fish aggregation device ( FAD ).

Commercial fashion models, while they may also appear in fashion magazines and advertisements, they most notably advertise products.

Commercial print modelling is also known as lifestyle modeling or real people modeling depending on the model agency.

There is also a single screen Odeon cinema in Commercial Road, although the nearest multiplex facility is some distance away in Worcester.

Commercial pack mules are used recreationally, such as to supply mountaineering base camps, and also to supply trail building and maintenance crews, and backcountry footbridge building crews.

Commercial chemical solutions are also available which may help temporarily restore the traction of the rubber.