In other areas it held back, pleading its Commonwealth bonds.

Also, the court pointed out that, while Canada has the power to amend the line of succession to the Canadian throne, the Statute of Westminster stipulates that the agreement of the governments of the fifteen other Commonwealth realms that share the Crown would first have to be sought if Canada wished to continue its relationship with these countries.

The Bahamas has a few notable industrial firms: the Freeport pharmaceutical firm, PFC Bahamas ( formerly Syntex ), which recently streamlined its production and was purchased by the Swiss pharmaceutical firm Roche ; the BORCO oil facility, also in Freeport, which transships oil in the region ; the Commonwealth Brewery in Nassau, which produces Heineken, Guinness, and Kalik beers ; and Bacardi Corp., which distills rum in Nassau for shipment to the U. S. and European markets.

After the dissolution of the Soviet Union, at which time Belarus gained its independence, Belarus became a member of the Commonwealth of Independent States ( CIS ), the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe ( OSCE ), NATO's Partnership for Peace, the North Atlantic Cooperation Council, the International Monetary Fund, and the World Bank.

Amateur boxing is an Olympic and Commonwealth sport and is a common fixture in most of the major international games-it also has its own World Championships.

He led an uprising against the Commonwealth and its magnates ( 1648 – 1654 ) which resulted in the creation of a Cossack state.

Cyprus is a member of the United Nations along with most of its agencies as well as the Commonwealth of Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund and Council of Europe.

* Massachusetts is a Commonwealth, declaring itself as such in its constitution, which states that " The body politic is formed by a voluntary association of individuals: it is a social compact, by which the whole people covenants with each citizen, and each citizen with the whole people, that all shall be governed by certain laws for the common good.

* Pennsylvania uses the " Commonwealth of Pennsylvania " constitutionally and in its official title.

* Virginia has been known as the " Commonwealth of Virginia " since before joining the United States, and is referred to as a Commonwealth in its constitution.

Although Ireland left the Commonwealth in 1949, it is often treated as if it were a member, with references being made in legal documents to ' the Commonwealth and the Republic of Ireland ', and its citizens are not classified as foreign nationals, particularly in the United Kingdom.

They are held around the Commonwealth, rotating by invitation amongst its members.

The statute, an essential transitory step from the British Empire to the Commonwealth of Nations, provided that all existing Dominions became fully independent of the United Kingdom ( upon its ratification by the federal legislature for Canada ) and all new Dominions would be fully independent upon the grant of Dominion status.

( Commonwealth of Nations ), and its related observances:

It is generally expected that an embassy of a Commonwealth country in a non-Commonwealth country will do its best to provide diplomatic services to citizens from other Commonwealth countries if the citizen's country does not have an embassy in that country.

The constitution does permit the Governor to act without the consulting the Executive Council and even go against its instructions, but in both cases the Governor must immediately inform the Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs in the United Kingdom, who can overrule the Governor's actions.

Mussolini believed that following a brief entry of Italy into war with France, followed by the imminent French surrender, Italy could gain some territorial concessions from France and then concentrate its forces on a major offensive in Egypt where British and Commonwealth forces were outnumbered by Italian forces.

Later each colony was granted its own governor and thus the title of Governor-General lapsed until the establishment of the Commonwealth in 1901.

As Australia shares its monarch equally with fifteen other countries in the Commonwealth of Nations and the sovereign lives predominantly outside New South Wales ' borders, the governor's primary task is to perform the sovereign's constitutional duties on his or her behalf, acting within the principles of parliamentary democracy and responsible government as a guarantor of continuous and stable governance and as a nonpartisan safeguard against the abuse of power.

GCHQ is the responsibility of the UK Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs, but it is not a part of the Foreign Office, and its Director ranks as a Permanent Secretary.

Again, the Polish – Lithuanian Commonwealth would be an exception to this rule, with its unique quasi-democratic Golden Freedom.

Such arrangements are not to be confused with supranational entities which are not states and are not defined by a common monarchy but may ( or not ) have a symbolic, essentially protocollary, titled highest office, e. g. Head of the Commonwealth ( held by the British crown, but not legally reserved for it ) or ' Head of the Arab Union ' ( 14 February-14 July 1958, held by the Hashemite King of Iraq, during its short-lived Federation with Jordan, its Hashemite sister-realm ).

Industrial Cape Breton has historically been a region of labour activism, electing Co-operative Commonwealth Federation ( and later NDP ) MPs, and even produced many early members of the Communist Party of Canada in the pre-World War II era.

During the Middle Ages, there were various systems involving elections or assemblies, although often only involving a small amount of the population, the election of Gopala in Bengal region of Indian Subcontinent, the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth ( 10 % of population ), the Althing in Iceland, the Løgting in the Faeroe Islands, certain medieval Italian city-states such as Venice, the tuatha system in early medieval Ireland, the Veche in Novgorod and Pskov Republics of medieval Russia, Scandinavian Things, The States in Tirol and Switzerland and the autonomous merchant city of Sakai in the 16th century in Japan.

St-Laurent was an early supporter of British Prime Minister Clement Attlee's proposal to transform the British Commonwealth from a club of white dominions into a multi-racial partnership.

Similarly, in early 1996 Mozambique joined its Anglophone neighbors in the Commonwealth.

Manipulative procedures to the spine and extremity joints began to be practiced, especially in the British Commonwealth countries, in the early 1950s.

In the early 13th century, the Sturlung era, the Commonwealth began to suffer from long conflicts between warring clans.

Utilities such as Commonwealth Edison in Chicago had rotary converters or motor-generator sets, which could change DC to AC and AC to various frequencies in the early to mid-20th century.

" Agitation among the Dutch merchants was further increased by George Ayscue's capture in early 1652 of 27 Dutch ships trading with the royalist colony of Barbados in contravention of an embargo imposed by the Commonwealth.

The foreign relations of Australia have spanned from the country's time as Dominion and later Realm of the Commonwealth to become steadfastly allied with New Zealand through long-standing ANZAC ties dating back to the early 1900s, and the United States throughout the Cold War, to its engagement with Asia as a power in its own right.

Częstochowa prospered in the late 15th and early 16th centuries, due to efforts of Sigismund I the Old, the future king of Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.

During the early part of World War II Leeds was used as a hospital where Lady Baillie and her daughters hosted burned Commonwealth airmen as part of their recovery.

The Prospect House property passed hands again in the early 1900s, to chain hotelier Joseph Allen Skinner, who eventually donated the hotel and property to the Commonwealth of Massachusetts for a state park in 1939 on the condition that the park be named after him ( now the J. A.

Emmaus is home to several residences and other properties that were constructed in the late 18th and early 19th centuries, and have been labeled historic sites by the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania.

Such Eastern European countries included Prussia ( Prussian Ordinances of 1525 ), Austria, Hungary ( laws of the late 15th and early 16th centuries ), the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth ( szlachta privileges of the early 16th century ) and the Russian Empire ( laws of the late 16th and first half of the 17th century ).

In early 1967 he became Minister of State for Commonwealth Affairs.

The British Commonwealth Air Training Plan illustrated that the Commonwealth still had some military meaning during the Second World War and was one of Canada's major contributions to the early war effort.

In 1657, and again in 1706, the town and castle were captured by the Swedes during their invasions of Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth ; on January 13, 1660 the invading Muscovite Russian army under Ivan Andreyevich Khovansky took the Brest castle in a surprise early morning attack, the town having been captured earlier, and massacred the 1700 defenders and their families ( according to captain Rosestein, Austrian observer ); on July 23, 1792 a battle was fought between the regiments of Duchy of Lithuania ( part of Polish Army ) defending the town and the invading Russian Imperial Army ; on September 19, 1794 the area between Brest and Terespol was the scene of a victorious battle won by the invading Russian Imperial army under Suvorov over the Kościuszko Uprising army division under general Karol Sierakowski known in Russian sources as ( Battle of Brest ).

In the early postwar years The Open was dominated by golfers from the Commonwealth, with South African Bobby Locke and Australian Peter Thomson winning the Claret Jug in eight of the 11 championships from 1948 and 1958 between them.

The Statute of Westminster created the first Commonwealth realms in 1931 by granting full, or nearly full, legislative independence to several colonies which had already become autonomous Dominions in the late 19th or early 20th centuries.

From 1964 until early 1966, limited numbers of Indonesian soldiers, " volunteers ", and Malaysian communist guerillas were infiltrated into both north Borneo and the Malay Peninsula, where they engaged in jungle warfare with British and Commonwealth soldiers deployed to protect the nascent Malaysia.

During the late 19th and early 20th centuries, scenes of swordplay in touring theatrical productions throughout Europe, the British Commonwealth and the USA were typically created by combining several widely known, generic routines known as " standard combats ".

The PIAT was first used during the Allied invasion of Sicily in 1943, and remained in use with British and Commonwealth forces until the early 1950s.