* 769 – The Lateran Council condemned the Council of Hieria and anathematized its iconoclastic rulings.

Of the roughly three hundred bishops in attendance at the Council of Nicea, only two bishops did not sign the Nicene Creed, which condemned Arianism.

A 4th-century miniature of the First Council of Nicaea | Council of Nicaea, which condemned Arius's teaching

By 325, the controversy had become significant enough that the Emperor Constantine called an assembly of bishops, the First Council of Nicaea, which condemned Arius ' doctrine and formulated the original Nicene Creed of 325.

The doctrines of his followers, known as the Amalricians, were formally condemned by the fourth Lateran Council in 1215.

In Spain, Adoptionism was opposed by Beatus of Liebana, and in the Carolingian territories, the Adoptionist position was condemned by Pope Hadrian I, Alcuin of York, Agobard, and officially in Carolingian territory by the Council of Frankfurt ( 794 ).

After the Council of Ephesus had condemned Nestorianism, there remained a conflict between Patriarchs John of Antioch and Cyril of Alexandria.

The Council of Chalcedon condemned the work of the Robber Council and professed the doctrine of the Incarnation presented in Leo's Tome.

Cyril is counted among the Church Fathers and the Doctors of the Church, and his reputation within the Christian world has resulted in his titles Pillar of Faith and Seal of all the Fathers, but Theodosius II, the Roman Emperor, condemned him for behaving like a " proud pharaoh ", and the Nestorian bishops at the Council of Ephesus declared him a heretic, labelling him as a " monster, born and educated for the destruction of the church.

However, when John of Antioch and the other pro-Nestorius bishops finally reached Ephesus, they assembled their own Council, condemned Cyril for heresy, deposed him from his see, and labelled him as a monster, born and educated for the destruction of the church.

The Council also condemned and executed Jan Hus and ruled on issues of national sovereignty, the rights of pagans, and just war in response to a conflict between the Kingdom of Poland and the Order of the Teutonic Knights.

# Second Council of Constantinople ( 553 ) repudiated the Three Chapters as Nestorian, condemned Origen of Alexandria, decreed the Theopaschite Formula.

# Second Council of Nicaea ( 787 ) restored the veneration of icons ( condemned at the Council of Hieria, 754 ) and repudiated iconoclasm. This council is rejected by some Protestant denominations, which condemn the veneration of icons.

Third Council of the Lateran ( 1179 ) restricted papal election to the cardinals, condemned simony, and introduced minimum ages for ordination ( thirty for bishops ).

Council of Constance ( 1414 – 1418 ) resolved the Great Western Schism and condemned John Hus.

* Fifth Council of Constantinople ( 1341 – 1351 ) affirmed hesychastic theology according to Gregory Palamas and condemned Barlaam of Seminara.

Photios was condemned by a Council held at Constantinople from from October 5, 869 to February 28, 870 and accepted as an Ecumenical Council at the time.

This action led to the adoption of UN Security Council resolution 638, which condemned all hostage takings by all sides.

Rabbi Weiss is also notable for his ordination of Sara Hurwitz, which was strongly condemned by the Haredi Agudath Yisrael ( which called it non-Orthodox ), and also firmly rejected by the Modern Orthodox Rabbinical Council of America.

Monophysite doctrine had been condemned as a heresy by the Council of Chalcedon in 451, and the tolerant policies towards Monophysitism of Zeno and Anastasius I had been a source of tension in the relationship with the bishops of Rome.

Docetism was unequivocally rejected at the First Council of Nicaea in 325 and is regarded as heretical by the Catholic Church, Orthodox Church, and many others.

He was aware that the Council of Jamnia, or mainstream rabbinical Judaism, had rejected the Septuagint as valid Jewish scriptural texts because of what were ascertained as mistranslations along with its Hellenistic heretical elements.

Nestorius and his teachings were eventually condemned as heretical at the First Council of Ephesus in 431 and the Council of Chalcedon in 451, leading to the Nestorian Schism in which churches supporting Nestorius broke with the rest of the Christian Church.

" Both Nestorianism and monophysitism were condemned as heretical at the Council of Chalcedon.

Nestorius himself always insisted that his views were orthodox, though they were deemed heretical at the First Council of Ephesus in 431, leading to the Nestorian Schism, when churches supportive of Nestorius broke away from the rest of the Christian Church.

One of the most common reasons for holding this belief is the idea that the reforms of the Second Vatican Council and especially the replacement of the Tridentine Mass with the Mass of Paul VI are heretical, and that those responsible for initiating and maintaining these changes are heretics and not true popes.

One of his first official acts was to summon the Lateran Council of 649 to deal with the Monothelites, whom the Church considered heretical.

At the fifteenth session, 5 June 1409, the Council of Pisa deposed the two pontiffs as schismatical, heretical, perjured, and scandalous ; they elected Alexander V ( 1409 – 10 ) later that month.

The Third Council of Constantinople, counted as the Sixth Ecumenical Council by the Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox churches and other Christian groups, met in 680 / 681 and condemned monoenergism and monothelitism as heretical and defined Jesus Christ as having two energies and two wills ( divine and human ).

The Church had declared the notion that Jesus was not fully divine heretical in the 4th century ( see First Council of Nicaea ), during the debates over Arianism and had declared that he was God the Son become human.

Deriving from earlier varieties of gnosticism, Cathar theology found its most surprising success in the Languedoc and the Cathars were known as Albigensians, either because of an association with the city of Albi, or because the 1176 Church Council which declared the Cathar doctrine heretical was held near Albi.

Augustine's views prevailed in the controversy, and Pelagius ' teaching was condemned as heretical at the Council of Ephesus ( 431 ) and again condemned in the moderated form known as semi-Pelagianism at the second Council of Orange ( 529 ).

* c. 250 BCE: Third Buddhist Council, convened by Ashoka the Great and chaired by Moggaliputta Tissa, compiles the Kathavatthu to refute the heretical views and theories held by some Buddhist sects.

For example, Pope Martin V became the first to excommunicate the reading of heretical books, and then in the 1500s the Council of Trent and Spanish Inquisition prohibited texts that were not even necessarily heretical, but only unfavorable to the friars.

By the 12th century the sect had reached Bohemia and Germany and, by a resolution of the Council of Trier ( 1231 ), was condemned as heretical.

Though Gregory of Tours made a version, mainstream Christian tradition rejects the Acts of Thomas as pseudepigraphical and apocryphal, and for its part, the Roman Catholic Church finally confirmed the Acts as heretical at the Council of Trent.

He taught that Jesus would establish a thousand-year reign of sensuous pleasure after the Second Coming but before the General Resurrection, a view that was declared heretical by the Council of Nicaea.

The Council of Nicea and Augustine of Hippo both opposed this belief, and it came to be considered heretical.

The General Council of Chalcedon prohibited such unions especially between members of the lower ecclesiastical grades and heretical women.

Nevertheless, on the eighth of November four decrees were published, all of them directed against easy targets: against the followers of the heretical reformers, Jan Hus, recently burnt at the stake at the Council of Constance, safe conduct or no, and against the English followers of John Wyclif, who claimed that the highest authority was the Bible ; against the followers of the schismatic Antipope Benedict XIII ; a decree postponing the negotiations with the Greeks and other Eastern Orthodox churches ( which were later worked into acceptable compromises in the long working sessions of the Council of Florence, 1438 to 1445 ); and a decree advising greater vigilance against heresy, the easiest target of all.

The Council of Nicaea did not end the controversy, as many bishops of the Eastern provinces disputed the homoousios, the central term of the Nicene creed, as it had been used by Paul of Samosata, who had advocated a monarchianist Christology.

The Council of Chalcedon, from the perspective of the Alexandrine Christology, has deviated from the approved Cyrillian terminology and declared that Christ was one hypostasis in two natures.

The Council of Chalcedon, the fourth ecumenical council, dealt primarily with Christology, and elucidated the orthodox definition of Christ's being as the hypostatic union of two natures — divine and human — united in one person, " with neither confusion nor division ".

At the Second Council of Ephesus ( commonly called the Robber Council of Ephesus ) in 449, Leo's representatives delivered his famous Tome ( Latin text, a letter ), or statement of the faith of the Roman Church in the form of a letter addressed to Archbishop Flavian of Constantinople, which repeats, in close adherence to Augustine, the formulas of western Christology.

Later interpreters of the Council held that Chalcedonian Christology also rejected monothelitism and monergism.

* St. Cyril of Alexandria: The Christological Controversy ISBN 0-88141-259-7 by John Anthony McGuckin — includes a history of the Council of Ephesus and an analysis of Nestorius ' Christology.

The normative Christology of the Assyrian church was written by Babai the Great ( 551 – 628 ) during the controversy that followed the First Council of Ephesus ( 451 ).

In the controversy that followed the Council of Ephesus, the term ' Nestorian ' was applied to all upholding a strictly Antiochene Christology.

His teachings about the nature of the Godhead, which emphasized the Father's divinity over the Son, and his opposition to Trinitarian Christology, made him a primary topic of the First Council of Nicea, convened by Roman Emperor Constantine in AD 325.

It has also been noted that this Greek term " homoousian " or " consubstantial ", which Athanasius of Alexandria favored, and was ratified in the Nicene Council and Creed, was actually a term reported to also be used and favored by the Sabellians in their Christology.

The Council of Chalcedon ( 451 ) was often seen as a watershed for Christology among the Chalcedonians as it adopted dyophysitism.

While the Church of the East ( i. e., Nestorian Christianity ) also did not accept the Council of Chalcedon, in addition to that it rejected the First Council of Ephesus as well and has, according to the traditional interpretation, an opposite Christology to the Oriental Orthodox.

Around 553 Philoponus made some theological contributions to the Council of Constantinople concerning Christology.