The Act overturns a 1999 U. S. Supreme Court case that held that an employee was not disabled if the impairment could be corrected by mitigating measures ; it specifically provides that such impairment must be determined without considering such ameliorative measures.

Court rulings have determined that this permits a court in one province to include residents of other provinces in the class action on an " opt-out " basis.

The Ninth Circuit, analyzing the Supreme Court decision in Lawrence v. Texas ( 2003 ), determined that DADT had to be subjected to heightened scrutiny, meaning that there must be an " important " governmental interest at issue, that DADT must " significantly " further the governmental interest, and that there can be no less intrusive way for the government to advance that interest.

The Arkansas Supreme Court determined that Misskelley's confession was voluntary and that he did, in fact, understand the Miranda warning and its consequences.

* Eras as reckoned by legitimate Court ( as determined by Meiji rescript )

* Eras as reckoned by pretender Court ( as determined by Meiji rescript )

* Eras as reckoned by legitimate Court ( as determined by Meiji rescript )

* Eras as reckoned by pretender Court ( as determined by Meiji rescript )

* Eras as reckoned by legitimate Court ( as determined by Meiji rescript )

* Eras as reckoned by pretender Court ( as determined by Meiji rescript )

Ralph Anspach won a lawsuit over his game Anti-Monopoly on appeals in 1979, as the 9th District Court determined that the trademark Monopoly was generic, and therefore unenforceable.

Marshall first examined the Judiciary Act of 1789 and determined that the Act purported to give the Supreme Court original jurisdiction over writs of mandamus.

Further rules on campaign finance were scrutinized by the Court when it determined McConnell v. Federal Election Commission,.

In Illinois v. Gates,, the Supreme Court ruled that the reliability of an informant is to be determined based on the " totality of the circumstances.

In Michigan v. Bryant, 562 U. S. ___ ( 2011 ), the Court ruled that the " primary purpose " of a shooting victim's statement as to who shot him, and the police's reason for questioning him, each had to be objectively determined.

In Gregg, the Court found, in a 7-2 ruling, that Georgia's new death penalty laws passed Eighth Amendment scrutiny: the statutes provided a bifurcated trial in which guilt and sentence were determined separately ; and, the statutes provided for " specific jury findings " followed by state supreme court review comparing each death sentence " with the sentences imposed on similarly situated defendants to ensure that the sentence of death in a particular case is not disproportionate.

Douglas joined the majority opinion of the U. S. Supreme Court in Roe, which stated that a federally enforceable right to privacy, " whether it be founded in the Fourteenth Amendment's concept of personal liberty and restrictions upon state action, as we feel it is, or, as the District Court determined, in the Ninth Amendment's reservation of rights to the people, is broad enough to encompass a woman's decision whether or not to terminate her pregnancy.

The Permanent Court of International Justice and an International Court of Arbitration established by the Council of the League of Nations handed down rulings in 1925 which determined that Palestine and Transjordan were newly-created successor states of the Ottoman Empire as defined by international law.

* Eras as reckoned by legitimate sovereign's Court ( as determined by Meiji rescript )

* Eras as reckoned by pretender sovereign's Court ( as determined by Meiji rescript )

* Eras as reckoned by legitimate Court ( as determined by Meiji rescript )

* Eras as reckoned by pretender Court ( as determined by Meiji rescript )

* Eras as reckoned by legitimate Court ( as determined by Meiji rescript )

The Civil Rights Act of 1866 had already granted U. S. citizenship to all persons born in the United States, as long as those persons were not subject to a foreign power ; the framers of the Fourteenth Amendment added this principle into the Constitution to prevent the Supreme Court from ruling the Civil Rights Act of 1866 to be unconstitutional for lack of congressional authority to enact such a law and to prevent a future Congress from altering it by a mere majority vote.

" Therefore, the Court said, the framers of the Constitution did " confer on the judicial department the power of construing the Constitution and laws of the Union in every case, in the last resort, and of preserving them from all violation from every quarter, so far as judicial decisions can preserve them.

" Rather, relying on The Federalist No. 82, the Court found that the framers intended for the Supreme Court to have appellate jurisdiction over state court cases involving federal law.

Stewart believed that the majority on the Warren Court had adopted readings of the First Amendment Establishment Clause ( Engel v. Vitale ( 1962 ), Abington School District v. Schempp ( 1963 )), the Fifth Amendment privilege against self-incrimination ( Miranda v. Arizona ( 1966 )), and Fourteenth Amendment guarantee of Equal Protection with regard to voting rights ( Reynolds v. Sims ( 1964 )) went beyond the framers ' intention.

More recently the Supreme Court in Danial Latifi v. Union of India read the Act with Art 14 and 15 of the constitution which prevent discrimination on the basis of sex and held that the intention of the framers could not have been to deprive Muslim women of their rights.

Minor appealed the Missouri ruling to the United States Supreme Court, presenting the same arguments before the Supreme Court as had been unsuccessfully put forth before the state court, and additionally proposing that women's suffrage was consistent with the original intent of the framers of the Constitution.

" The Supreme Court has held that such phrases must be construed, not according to modern usage, but according to what the framers meant when they adopted them.

In the 1947 case of Adamson v. California, Supreme Court Justice Hugo Black argued in his dissent that the framers ' intent should control the Court's interpretation of the 14th Amendment, and he attached a lengthy appendix that quoted extensively from Bingham's congressional testimony.

Until the 1947 case of Adamson v. California, Supreme Court Justice Hugo Black argued in his dissent that the framers ' intent should control the Court's interpretation of the 14th Amendment, and he attached a lengthy appendix that quoted extensively from Bingham's congressional testimony.

The Court suggested that the framers of the Constitution had not addressed the possibility of a citizen suing his own state because such a thing would simply be inconceivable to them.

The Court noted in that opinion that the framers of the Constitution had developed a scheme of separation of powers which clearly required that the judiciary be kept independent of the other two branches via the mechanism of lifetime appointments.

Regarding that interpretation of the older clause, Justice Clarence Thomas has noted that the framers of the Fourteenth Amendment realized the Supreme Court had not yet " undertaken to define either the nature or extent of the privileges and immunities " in the original unamended Constitution.

In the 1947 case of Adamson v. California, Supreme Court Justice Hugo Black argued in his dissent that the framers intended the Privileges or Immunities Clause to apply the Bill of Rights against the states.

The Court now insisted on adhering only to the language of the constitutional text read as a whole in its natural sense and in light of the circumstances in which it was made: there was to be no reading in of implications by reference to the presumed intentions of the framers.

In March 1857, the Supreme Court issued its decision in Dred Scott v. Sandford ; Chief Justice Roger B. Taney opined that blacks were not citizens, and derived no rights from the Constitution.

The right to file an appeal can also vary from state to state ; for example, the New Jersey Constitution vests judicial power in a Supreme Court, a Superior Court, and other courts of limited jurisdiction, with an appellate court being part of the Superior Court.

Part of Title I was found unconstitutional by the United States Supreme Court as it pertains to states in the case of Board of Trustees of the University of Alabama v. Garrett as violating the sovereign immunity rights of the several states as specified by the Eleventh Amendment to the United States Constitution.

* 1905 – The Supreme Court of the United States decides Lochner v. New York which holds that the " right to free contract " is implicit in the due process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment of the United States Constitution.

This is provided for in Article II of the Constitution, which states that the President " shall nominate, and by and with the Advice and Consent of the Senate, shall appoint ... Judges of the supreme Court.

The Supreme Court of the United States held in its landmark case, McGowan v. Maryland ( 1961 ), that Maryland's blue laws violated neither the Free Exercise Clause nor the Establishment Clause of the First Amendment to the United States Constitution.

The last attempt was in 2000, when the project was rejected by the Constitutional Court, because it allocated funds from the national budget, which, under the Chilean Constitution, is a privilege of the President.

In May 2010, the Washington State Supreme Court provided an opinion after it was asked to certify a question referred by the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Washington: “ Whether a public library, consistent with Article I, § 5 of the Washington Constitution, may filter Internet access for all patrons without disabling Web sites containing constitutionally-protected speech upon the request of an adult library patron .” The Washington State Supreme Court ruled that NCRL ’ s internet filtering policy did not violate Article I, Section 5 of the Washington State Constitution.

Although not strictly " class action litigation " as it is understood in American law, Public Interest Litigation arose out of the wide powers of judicial review granted to the Supreme Court of India and the various High Courts under Articles 32 and 226 of the Constitution of India respectively.

He also signed the Worker's Compensation Act of 1910, which required a compulsory, employer-paid plan of compensation for workers injured in hazardous industries and a voluntary system for other workers ; after the New York Court of Appeals ruled the law unconstitutional in 1911, a popular referendum was held that successfully made the law an amendment in the New York Constitution.

The US Constitution gives much of the foreign policy decision-making to the presidency, but the Senate has a role in ratifying treaties, and the Supreme Court interprets treaties when cases are presented to it.

In Missouri v. Holland, the Supreme Court ruled that the power to make treaties under the U. S. Constitution is a power separate from the other enumerated powers of the federal government, and hence the federal government can use treaties to legislate in areas which would otherwise fall within the exclusive authority of the states.

As part of the fledgling nation's government, he was treasurer of the Continental Loan Office in 1778 ; appointed judge of the Admiralty Court of Pennsylvania in 1779 and reappointed in 1780 and 1787 ; and helped ratify the Constitution during the constitutional convention in 1787.

* 1922 – A challenge to the Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, allowing women the right to vote, is rebuffed by the Supreme Court of the United States in Leser v. Garnett.

The power delegated to the federal government was significantly expanded by the Supreme Court decision in McCulloch v. Maryland ( 1819 ), amendments to the Constitution following the Civil War, and by some later amendments — as well as the overall claim of the Civil War, that the states were legally subject to the final dictates of the federal government.

In that same ruling, the Court noted " We have never held that the Constitution mandates an insanity defense, nor have we held that the Constitution does not so require.

* 1997 – The U. S. Supreme Court rules that the Communications Decency Act violates the First Amendment to the United States Constitution.