The owner of a public relations firm owed no income tax on payments he received from a client company and `` kicked back '' to the company's advertising manager, the Tax Court ruled.

* 1690 – Job Charnock of the East India Company establishes a factory in Calcutta, an event formerly considered the founding of the city ( in 2003 the Calcutta High Court ruled that the city has no birthday ).

The Court also ruled that the Minister of Defense is constitutionally not entitled to act in terrorism matters, as this is the duty of the state and federal police forces.

The Supreme Court of North Carolina ruled that the defendant had voluntarily entered the guilty plea, with knowledge of what that meant.

Following this ruling, Alford petitioned for a writ of habeas corpus in the United States District Court for the Middle District of North Carolina, which upheld the initial ruling, and subsequently to the United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit which ruled that Alford's plea was not voluntary, because it was made under fear of the death penalty.

The Court ruled that the defendant can enter such a plea " when he concludes that his interests require a guilty plea and the record strongly indicates guilt.

The Court went on to note that even if the defendant could have shown that he would not have entered a guilty plea " but for " the rationale of receiving a lesser sentence, the plea itself would not have been ruled invalid.

The Court ruled, " Although an Alford plea allows a defendant to plead guilty amid assertions of innocence, it does not require a court to accept those assertions.

In March 2009, U. S. District Court Judge Panner ruled in favor of the Santo Daime, acknowledging its protection from prosecution under the Religious Freedom Restoration Act.

A U. N. Court ruled genocide did not take place, but recognized, " a systematic campaign of terror, including murders, rapes, arsons and severe maltreatments ".

A provincial court ruled that the Lord's Day Act was unconstitutional, but the Crown proceeded to appeal all the way to the Supreme Court of Canada.

On April 6, 2006, in a case arising from a game involving community college baseball teams, the Supreme Court of California ruled that baseball players in California assume the risk of being hit by baseballs even if the balls were intentionally thrown so as to cause injury.

The field of modern biotechnology is thought to have largely begun on June 16, 1980, when the United States Supreme Court ruled that a genetically modified microorganism could be patented in the case of Diamond v. Chakrabarty.

Late in 1971, BJU filed suit to prevent the IRS from taking its tax exemption, but in 1974, in Bob Jones University v. Simon, the U. S. Supreme Court ruled that the university did not have standing to sue until the IRS actually assessed taxes.

In December 1978, the federal district court ruled in the university's favor ; two years later, that decision was overturned by the Fourth Circuit Court of Appeals.

The case was heard on October 12, 1982, and on May 24, 1983, the U. S. Supreme Court ruled against Bob Jones University in Bob Jones University v. United States ( 461 U. S. 574 ).

It is currently ruled by Cameroon following the transfer of sovereignty from neighbouring Nigeria as a result of a judgment by the International Court of Justice.

The Supreme Court let a 9th circuit decision stand, and Data General was eventually forced into licensing the Operating System software because it was ruled that restricting the license to only DG hardware was an illegal tying arrangement.

In a landmark case, the European Court of Justice ( ECJ ) ruled on 5 July 1994 against the British practice of importing produce from northern Cyprus based on certificates of origin and phytosanitary certificates granted by the de facto authorities.

Those dates were chosen because in 1954 the U. S. Supreme Court ruled that racial segregation in schools was unlawful and 1968 is the year of Martin Luther King's assassination.

On January 27, 2009, in a lawsuit involving an accidental injury sustained during a cheerleading practice, the Wisconsin Supreme Court ruled that cheerleading is a full-contact sport in that state.

Civil liberties groups challenged the law under the First Amendment and in 1997 the Supreme Court ruled in their favor.

In May 2010, the Washington State Supreme Court provided an opinion after it was asked to certify a question referred by the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Washington: “ Whether a public library, consistent with Article I, § 5 of the Washington Constitution, may filter Internet access for all patrons without disabling Web sites containing constitutionally-protected speech upon the request of an adult library patron .” The Washington State Supreme Court ruled that NCRL ’ s internet filtering policy did not violate Article I, Section 5 of the Washington State Constitution.

* 2007 – The Supreme Court of the United States upholds the Partial-Birth Abortion Ban Act in a 5-4 decision.

In the 2011 court case AT & T Mobility v. Concepcion, the U. S. Supreme Court ruled in a 5-4 decision that the Federal Arbitration Act of 1925 preempts state laws that prohibit contracts from disallowing class action lawsuits, which will make it more difficult for consumers to file class action lawsuits.

In the United States, public school teacher unions, most notably the National Education Association ( the largest labor union in the USA ), argue against the idea of school vouchers for concern that it would erode educational standards and reduce funding, and that giving money to parents who choose to send their child to a religious or other school is unconstitutional ; however, the latter issue has been struck down by the Supreme Court case Zelman v. Simmons-Harris, which upheld Ohio's voucher plan in a 5-4 ruling.

This was later reversed during 2002 in a landmark case before the US Supreme Court, Zelman v. Simmons-Harris, in which the divided court, in a 5-4 decision, ruled the Ohio school voucher plan constitutional and removed any constitutional barriers to similar voucher plans in the future, with moderate justices Anthony Kennedy and Sandra Day O ' Connor and conservative justices William Rehnquist, Antonin Scalia, and Clarence Thomas in the majority.

An arrestee's silence is not a waiver, but on June 1, 2010, the Supreme Court ruled 5-4 that police are allowed to interrogate suspects who have invoked or waived their rights ambiguously, and any statement given during questioning prior to invocation or waiving is admissible as evidence.

The Court ruled 5-4 to let the tax credit program stand In April 2011, a Fairleigh Dickinson University PublicMind poll found that a majority of American voters ( 60 %) felt that the tax credits support school choice for parents whereas 26 % felt as it the tax credits support religion.

In a 5-4 decision, the Supreme Court overturned the death sentences of Furman for murder, as well as two other defendants for rape.

** The Supreme Court of the United States upholds the 1973 decision of Roe v. Wade in Planned Parenthood v. Casey, a 5-4 decision.

As Hughes desired a clear and strong 5-4 affirmation of the Washington Supreme Court judgment, rather than a 4-4 default affirmation, he convinced the other justices to wait until Stone's return before both deciding and announcing the case.

After the U. S. Supreme Court ruled 5-4 in Lee's favor in United States v. Lee, deciding that Arlington had been confiscated without due process, Congress returned the estate to him.

On Monday, June 25, 2012, according to an online Catholic News Service ( CNS ) news brief posted that day, the Court ruled, in a 5-4 decision and with the majority opinion written by Associate Justice Elena Kagan, that life in prison without parole as an automatic sentence would be considered unconstitutional in all cases in the United States.

The Supreme Court decided 5-4 for the BSA on June 28, 2000.

Miranda v. Arizona,, was a landmark decision of the United States Supreme Court which passed 5-4.

In a 5-4 decision issued on April 14, 1873, by Justice Samuel Freeman Miller, the Court held to a narrow interpretation of the amendment and ruled that it did not restrict the police powers of the state.

However, Grier retired from the Court, and President Grant appointed two new Republicans, Strong and Bradley, who joined the three sitting Republicans, Swayne, Miller, and Davis, to reverse Hepburn, 5-4, in the 1871 cases Knox v. Lee and Parker v. Davis.

On January 21, 2010, the Supreme Court of the United States, deciding Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission by a 5-4 majority, removed restrictions on some types of corporate spending in support of ( or in opposition to ) specific candidates.

Bowers v. Hardwick,, is a United States Supreme Court decision that upheld, in a 5-4 ruling, the constitutionality of a Georgia sodomy law criminalizing oral and anal sex in private between consenting adults when applied to homosexuals.

In a 5-4 vote the Supreme Court ruled that the law was indeed a bill of attainder and an ex post facto law.

The Court ruled 5-4 that taxpayers do not have the right to challenge the constitutionality of expenditures in made by the executive branch.

In 1987, the United States Supreme Court, in a 5-4 decision, ruled in favor of the USOC.

Finally, in 2007, the Roberts Court produced a contentious 5-4 ruling in Parents Involved in Community Schools v. Seattle School District No. 1 ( PICS ).

On April 18, 2007 the Supreme Court in a 5-4 decision, Gonzales v. Carhart, held that the statute does not violate the Constitution.

The Court, by a vote of 5-4, per Justice John Marshall Harlan II, overturned the appellate court's ruling.

However, the state of North Carolina had immediately appealed the Circuit Court's decision to the U. S. Supreme Court, and, at 7: 55 p. m. on 9 January, just six hours before the time of execution, the Supreme Court, in a 5-4 decision, lifted the stay and allowed the execution to continue.