Here Béla assisted the missionary work of the Blackfriars among the Cuman tribes who settled down in the territories west of the Dniester River.

* 1091: the Byzantine Empire under Alexios I Komnenos and his Cuman allies defeat Pechenegs at the Battle of Levounion

In 1185 Peter and Asen, leading nobles of supposed and contested Bulgarian, Cuman, Vlach or mixed origin, led a revolt against Byzantine rule and Peter declared himself Tsar Peter II.

In 1091 the Pechenegs, a semi-nomadic Turkic people of the prairies of southwestern Eurasia, were decisively defeated as an independent force at the Battle of Levounion by the combined forces of a Byzantine army under Byzantine Emperor Alexios I Komnenos and a Cuman army under Togortok and Bunaq.

In 1223, Genghis Khan defeated the Cumans and their Russian allies at the Battle of Kalka River ( in modern Ukraine ), and the final blow came in 1241, when the Cuman confederacy ceased to exist as a political entity, with the remaining Cuman tribes being dispersed, either becoming subjects and mixing with their Tatar-Mongol conquerors as part of what was to be known as the Nogai Horde, or fleeing to the west, to the Byzantine Empire, the Second Bulgarian Empire, and the Kingdom of Hungary, where they became kings and nobles with many privileges.

Depending on their region and their time, different sources each used their own vision to denote different sections of the vast Cuman territory: in Byzantine, Russian, Georgian, Armenian, Persian and Muslim sources, Cumania meant the Pontic steppe, that is the steppelands to the north of the Black Sea and on its eastern side as far as the Caspian Sea, where the lowlands between the Dnieper, the Volga, the Ural and the Irtysh rivers were favorable to the nomadic lifestyle of the Cumans.

In 1223, Genghis Khan defeated the Cumans and their Russian allies at the Battle of Kalka ( in modern Ukraine ), and the final blow came in 1241, when the Cuman confederacy ceased to exist as a political entity, with the remaining Cuman tribes being dispersed, either becoming subjects and mixing with their Tatar-Mongol conquerors as part of what was to be known as the Nogai Horde, or fleeing to the west, to the Byzantine Empire, the Bulgarian Empire, and the Kingdom of Hungary.

In charge of the defense of the Tărnovo, Ivan Asen I incited the Byzantine emperor to hastily retreat by spreading rumors of the arrival of a great Cuman army to the relief of the besieged city.

The antecedents of George Terter I are unclear, but the Byzantine sources testify that he was of Bulgarian and Cuman descent, something corroborated by his double name, which recalls the name of the Cuman clan Terteroba.

Ottokar first laid siege to the towns of Drosendorf and Laa an der Thaya near the Austrian border, while Rudolph decided to leave Vienna and to face the Bohemian army in an open pitched battle in the Morava basin north of the capital, where the Cuman cavalry of King Ladislaus could easily join his forces.

From the early morning, the left wing of the advancing Bohemian troops were embroiled in impetuous attacks by the Cuman forces, which the heavy-armed knights could not ward off.

It is possible also that the city's name is derived from the Cuman language and that it means " Black fortress " ( kara, meaning " black ", and kal, either from the Turkish kale, or the Arabic qal ' at, both meaning fortress ).

Today, Kazakh people of modern Kazakhstan speak a close variation of Cuman Turkish.

In the late 11th and early 12th centuries, the Cumans and Kipchaks became involved in various conflicts with the Byzantines, Kievan Rus, the Hungarians ( Cuman involvement only ), and the Pechenegs ( Cuman involvement only ), allying themselves with one or the other side at different times.

In the next year some Cuman tribes decided again to leave Hungary ; Ladislas IV won a decisive victory over the Cumans, but some of them managed to escape to the Balkans.

After the defeat some Cuman tribes followed Koten to Hungary and Bulgaria, where they became part of the local population ; they were integrated into the élite and became nobles and rulers.

Cuman ( Kuman ) was a Kipchak Turkic language spoken by the Cumans ( Polovtsy, Folban, Vallany, Kun ) and Kipchaks ; the language was similar to the today's Kazakh language.

The " Cuman Riddles " ( CC, 119-120 ; 143-148 ) are a crucial source for the study of early Turkic folklore.

In 1071 Romanos again took the field and advanced with possibly 30, 000 men, including a contingent of the Cuman Turks as well as contingents of Franks and Normans, under Ursel de Baieul, into Armenia.

The Cuman refugees took shelter in the Kingdom of Hungary.

After the Cuman victory, they repeatedly invaded Ukraine, devastating the land, and took captives who became either slaves or were sold at slave markets in the south.

For instance, when we hear of an incursion of Cumans, it means that certain tribes of the Cuman confederacy took part in a military enterprise.

Vassmer's etymological dictionary traces the name to an Old East Slavic, originally from Cuman Cosac-a free man, specifically an individual who could not find his appropriate place in society and went into the steppes, where he acknowledged no authority.

The Romanian historian Nicolae Iorga believed the second part of the name ,-aba (" father "), to be an honorary title, as recognizable in many Cuman names, such as Terteroba, Arslanapa, and Ursoba.

In lack of convincing archaeological evidence of a Cuman civilisation, it appears the Cumans were just a minority within the local population, but they made up part of the ruling élite in Wallachia.

Afterwards, the royal government, led by Finta and his allies, tried to force the Cuman tribes to settle down, which resulted in the revolt of the Cumans who were planning to leave the country, but Ladislas IV defeated them in a battle near Stari Slankamen ( Szalánkemén ).

The field of Igor Svyatoslavich's battle with the Cuman – Kipchaks by Viktor Vasnetsov

The Cuman khans Danylo Kobiakovych and Yurii Konchakovych died in battle, while the other Cumans, commanded by Koten, managed to get aid from the Rus ’ princes

Although both sides had in their units also infantry, the battle itself was primarily a great collision of heavy knights cavalry, though the Cuman horse archers in the Hungarian army played a vital role.

The first battle between the league and the Mongols was indecisive, but the Mongols managed to persuade the Cuman to abandon the alliance by reminding them of the Turkish-Mongol friendship and promising them a share of the booty gained from the Caucasian tribes.

Monomakh ( whose wife was a Cuman princess ), continued to demand that they sue for peace, but the Kievan troops wanted battle.

Komondor remains have been found in Cuman gravesites.

* 1288 – August 8 – Pope Nicholas IV proclaims a crusade against King Ladislaus IV of Hungary, who had lost credibility by favoring his semi-pagan Cuman subjects and in general refusing to conform to the social standards of western Europe.

* August 8 – Pope Nicholas IV proclaims a crusade against King Ladislaus IV of Hungary, who had lost credibility by favoring his semi-pagan Cuman subjects and in general refusing to conform to the social standards of western Europe.

However, despite being distracted by a Cuman attack in the Balkans, in 1148 Manuel enlisted the alliance of Conrad III of Germany, and the help of the Venetians, who quickly defeated Roger with their powerful fleet.

The diploma also narrates that a certain Stephen, son of Parabuh, a Cuman count in Hungary, in the course of a dispute, stated that Basarab ’ s strength exceeded that of the Hungarian king himself.

As such, they are the distant relations of the Belgian, Danish, Greek, Norwegian, Spanish, and Swedish Royal Families, and bear lineage from, amongst others, Arab, Armenian, Cuman, French, German, Hungarian, Italian, Mongolian, Norwegian, Portuguese, Serbian, and Swedish ethnicities, as well as, according to Moroccan and Chinese officials, respectively, being directly descended from the Prophet Muhammad and Tang Dynasty Chinese Emperors.

It was won by the Bulgarians after a skillful ambush using the help of their Cuman and Greek allies.

Cuman people | Cuman nomads, Radziwiłł Chronicle, 13th century.

The etymology of the Hunyadi family implies possible Vlach ( Romanian ) or Cuman origin.

According to Grigor ' ev, yarliq or decrees of the Khans were written in Mongol, then translated into the Cuman language.

Stephen's father, attempting to bind the powerful but pagan Cuman tribes more closely to the dynasty, arranged for Stephen's marriage, as a youth ( about 1253 ), to Elizabeth, the daughter of a Cuman chieftain Köten.

He was the elder son of Stephen V of Hungary and his wife, Elizabeth the Cuman.

His minority, from his accession to the throne until 1277, was an alternation of palace revolutions and civil wars, in which his Cuman mother Elizabeth barely contrived to keep the upper hand.

He wore Cuman dress as his court wear, surrounded himself with Cuman concubines and neglected his Angevin consort, Elizabeth of Anjou.

The papal legate summoned an assembly to Buda, where Ladislas IV ordered the Cuman tribes to settle down in limited areas of the kingdom.

Ladislas IV managed to escape from the court and joined to the Cuman tribes, and with their help imprisoned the legate.