It can be used to attack symmetric ciphers such as Triple DES and AES by attempting to guess the secret key.

Tests such as the DES provide a quick method of screening subjects so that the more time-consuming structured clinical interview can be used in the group with high DES scores.

For example, 64-bit block ciphers like DES can be used to generate a keystream in output feedback ( OFB ) mode.

It can be run against various encrypted password formats including several crypt password hash types most commonly found on various Unix flavors ( based on DES, MD5, or Blowfish ), Kerberos AFS, and Windows NT / 2000 / XP / 2003 LM hash.

The ASF container can optionally support digital rights management using a combination of elliptic curve cryptography key exchange, DES block cipher, a custom block cipher, RC4 stream cipher and the SHA-1 hashing function.

However, later studies have concluded that " no clear-cut differences can be demonstrated to date between unexposed and DES-exposed women in gender-related behavior ," and another found that " DES Daughters were slightly more likely than unexposed women to have ever been married and were less likely to report having had a same-sex sexual partner.

Though DES was initially formulated for the Spalart-Allmaras model ( Spalart et al., 1997 ), it can be implemented with other RANS models ( Strelets, 2001 ), by appropriately modifying the length scale which is explicitly or implicitly involved in the RANS model.

In 2012, a $ 10, 000 commercially available machine can recover a DES key in days.

In 2012, a $ 10, 000 commercially available machine can recover a DES key in days.

Simulations by the Deep Ecliptic Survey ( DES ) show that over the next 10 million years Orcus can acquire a perihelion distance ( qmin ) as small as 27. 8 AU.

Although it is based on DES, a well-studied block cipher, the LM hash is not a true one-way function as the password can be determined from the hash because of several weaknesses in its design: Firstly, passwords are limited to a maximum of only 14 characters, giving a theoretical maximum keyspace of with the 95 ASCII printable characters.

More complex algorithms can be formed by mixing substitution and transposition in a product cipher ; modern block ciphers such as DES iterate through several stages of substitution and transposition.

Note, however, that DES is not recommended for general use since all keys can be brute-forced in about a day for a one-time hardware cost on the order of some new cards.

As a result, in a power trace from a smart card performing a DES encryption, the sixteen rounds can be seen clearly.

Biham's related-key attack can break NewDES with 2 < sup > 33 </ sup > chosen-key chosen plaintexts, meaning that NewDES is not as secure as DES.

DES uses a 56-bit key, meaning that there are 2 < sup > 56 </ sup > possible keys under which a message can be encrypted.

Hellman and Langford have shown that this attack can recover 10 key bits of an 8-round DES with only 512 chosen plaintexts and an 80 % chance of success.

Simulations by the Deep Ecliptic Survey ( DES ) show that over the next 10 million years Huya can acquire a perihelion distance ( qmin ) as small as 27. 28 AU.

These are to be fed at a rate to provide 10 milligrams DES per head daily.

However, by the late 90s, it became clear that DES could be cracked in a few days ' time-frame with custom-built hardware such as could be purchased by a large corporation.

DES is now considered to be insecure for many applications.

The algorithm is believed to be practically secure in the form of Triple DES, although there are theoretical attacks.

Another theoretical attack, linear cryptanalysis, was published in 1994, but it was a brute force attack in 1998 that demonstrated that DES could be attacked very practically, and highlighted the need for a replacement algorithm.

Type 2 products may not be used for classified information, but contain classified NSA algorithms ( e. g. CORDOBA ) that distinguish them from products containing unclassified algorithms like DES.

On January 2, 1997, NIST announced that they wished to choose a successor to DES to be known as AES.

Like DES, this was to be " an unclassified, publicly disclosed encryption algorithm capable of protecting sensitive government information well into the next century.

Elizabeth Kloepfer, Ann Rule, a DES employee, and a UW psychology professor all recognized the profile, the sketch, and the car, and reported Ted Bundy as a possible suspect ; but detectives, who were receiving up to 200 tips per day, initially thought it unlikely that a clean-cut law student with no adult criminal record could be the perpetrator.

Slightly more complex is the original DES method, which is to add a single one bit, followed by enough zero bits to fill out the block ; if the message ends on a block boundary, a whole padding block will be added.

In treating In-stent restenosis ( ISR ) Drug Eluting stents ( DES ) have been found to be superior to Intracoronary Brachytherapy ( ICBT ).

In 1941, Charles Huggins and Clarence Hodges at the University of Chicago found DES to be the first effective drug for treatment of metastatic prostate cancer.

Despite an absence of evidence supporting the use of DES to prevent adverse pregnancy outcomes, DES continued to be given to pregnant women through the 1960s.

The number of persons exposed to DES during pregnancy or in utero during 1940 – 1971 is unknown, but may be as high as 2 million in the United States.

In 1960, DES was found to be more effective than androgens in the treatment of advanced breast cancer in postmenopausal women.

To discourage off-label use of DES as a postcoital contraceptive, the FDA in 1975 removed DES 25 mg tablets from the market and ordered the labeling of lower doses ( 5 mg and lower ) of DES still approved for other indications changed to state: " This drug product should not be used as a postcoital contraceptive " in block capital letters on the first line of the physician prescribing information package insert and in a prominent and conspicuous location of the container and carton label.

By the late 1960s, six of seven leading textbooks of obstetrics said DES was ineffective at preventing miscarriage.

In 1973, in an attempt to restrict off-label use of DES as a postcoital contraceptive ( which had become prevalent at many university health services following publication of an influential study in 1971 in JAMA ) to emergency situations such as rape, an FDA Drug Bulletin was sent to all U. S. physicians and pharmacists that said the FDA had approved, under restricted conditions, postcoital contraceptive use of DES.

In 1975, the FDA said it had not actually given ( and never did give ) approval to any manufacturer to market DES as a postcoital contraceptive, but would approve that indication for emergency situations such as rape or incest if a manufacturer provided patient labeling and special packaging as set out in a FDA final rule published in 1975.

In a symmetric key algorithm ( e. g., DES and AES ), the sender and receiver must have a shared key set up in advance and kept secret from all other parties ; the sender uses this key for encryption, and the receiver uses the same key for decryption.

The introduction of DES is considered to have been a catalyst for the academic study of cryptography, particularly of methods to crack block ciphers.

Women exposed to diethylstilbestrol ( DES ) in utero ( also known as " DES daughters ") also have an elevated risk of ectopic pregnancy, up to 3 times the risk of unexposed women.

In a symmetric key algorithm ( e. g., DES and AES ), the sender and receiver must have a shared key set up in advance and kept secret from all other parties ; the sender uses this key for encryption, and the receiver uses the same key for decryption.

Follow-up studies have indicated DES also has the potential to cause a variety of significant adverse medical complications during the lifetimes of those exposed.

Orchiectomy or DES or both were the standard initial treatment for symptomatic advanced prostate cancer for over 40 years, until the GnRH agonist leuprolide was found to have efficacy similar to DES without estrogenic effects and was approved in 1985.

Women who were prescribed DES during pregnancy have been shown to have a modestly increased risk of breast cancer and breast cancer mortality.

Subsequent studies have shown an approximate 40-fold increased risk of vaginal / cervical clear cell adenocarcinoma in women exposed in utero to DES.

Daughters exposed to DES in utero may also have an increased risk of moderate to severe cervical squamous cell dysplasia and an increased risk of breast cancer.

Daughters with prenatal exposure to DES may also have an increased risk of uterine fibroids, and incompetent cervix in adulthood.

Studies of DES daughters have so far failed to establish a link between in utero exposure to DES and autoimmune diseases.

Dr. Scott Kerlin, founder of the DES Sons International Research Network, has documented for the past 15 years a high prevalence of individuals with confirmed or strongly suspected prenatal DES exposure who self-identify as male-to-female transsexual, transgender, and intersexed, and many individuals who have reported experiencing difficulties with gender dysphoria.

Several published studies in the medical literature on psychoneuroendocrinology have examined the hypothesis that prenatal exposure to estrogens ( including DES ) may cause significant developmental impact on sexual differentiation of the brain, and on subsequent behavioral and gender identity development in exposed males and females.

Recent results from the US National Cancer Institute ( NCI ) multicenter study of DES show the daughters of DES prenatally exposed women may be less likely than the unexposed to have regular menstrual periods.

Two events have since brought it squarely into the public domain: the creation of a public encryption standard ( DES ), and the invention of public-key cryptography.