Additionally, in some kernels ( e. g. miscellaneous DOS variants ) is detected only at the time OS tries reading from a keyboard buffer and only if it's the only key sequence in the buffer, while is often translated instantly ( e. g. by INT 1Bh under DOS ).

( The DOS could utilize the additional RAM available in the protected mode — extended memory either via BIOS call ( INT 15h, AH = 87h ), or as RAM disk, or as emulation of expanded memory.

When running Apple DOS, it was possible ( at the expense of clearing the current BASIC program from memory ) to switch between Applesoft BASIC and Integer BASIC by typing either INT ( to enter Integer BASIC ) or FP ( to enter Applesoft BASIC )— provided, of course, that the requested language was either in ROM or loaded into RAM.

To further overcome this limit, INT 13H Extensions were introduced with BIOS Enhanced Disk Drive Services specification, which removed practical limits on disk size for operating systems which are aware of this new interface, such as DOS 7. 0 component in Windows 95.

For example, an MS-DOS program can " turn on " protected mode, but still make calls back to DOS for service ( say, via the INT 21h standard DOS service interrupt ).

This historical oddity can affect the maximum disk size in old BIOS INT 13h code as well as old PC DOS or similar operating systems:

When DOS encounters a critical error, it generates software interrupt 24 ( INT 24 ).

< sup > 1 </ sup > and all encodings based on ASCII, including the DOS, Windows, ISO-8859 and Macintosh families of encodings.

< sup > 1 </ sup > and all encodings based on ASCII, including the DOS, Windows, ISO-8859 and Macintosh families of encodings.

< sup > 1 </ sup > and all encodings based on ASCII, including the DOS, Windows, ISO-8859 and Macintosh families of encodings.

< sup > 1 </ sup > and all encodings based on ASCII, including the DOS, Windows, ISO-8859 and Macintosh families of encodings.

The convention for such an installation is for the Linux root directory to be a subdirectory of the actual root directory of the DOS boot volume, e. g. < tt > C:

The resulting files — typically saved with the < tt >. txt </ tt > extension — have no format tags or styles, making the program suitable for editing system files that are to be used in a DOS environment.

In most DOS and UNIX command shells, as well as in the Microsoft Windows command line interpreters cmd. exe and Windows PowerShell, the working directory can be changed by using the < tt > cd </ tt > or < tt > chdir </ tt > commands.

In Unix shells, the < tt > pwd </ tt > command outputs the absolute pathname of the current working directory ; the equivalent command in DOS and Windows is < tt > cd </ tt > without arguments ( whereas in Unix, < tt > cd </ tt > used without arguments takes the user back to his / her home directory ).

The environment variable < tt > PWD </ tt > ( in Unix / Linux shells ) or < tt > CD </ tt > ( in DOS / Windows shells ) is also set for use in scripts, so that one need not start an external program.

The < tt > mkdir </ tt > ( make directory ) command in the Unix, DOS, OS / 2, PHP, and Microsoft Windows operating systems is used to make a new directory.

In DOS, OS / 2 and Windows the command is often abbreviated to < tt > md </ tt >.

* Mkdir, also known as < tt >" md "</ tt >, a command in Unix, DOS, OS / 2, and Windows, that creates a directory

This concept is roughly equivalent to the < tt > NUL :</ tt > or just < tt > NUL </ tt > device of CP / M, DOS and Windows, the < tt >

; LOADHIGH, LH: Loads a program into upper memory (< tt > HILOAD </ tt > in DR DOS ).

While infected with the Ada virus, system memory measured by the DOS CHKDSK decreases by 21, 296 bytes to 21, 312 bytes.

The equivalent on DOS () and Microsoft Windows (< tt > cmd. exe </ tt >) is the "< tt > cd </ tt >" command with no arguments.

The version of Commodore DOS built into the 1581 added support for partitions, which could also function as fixed-allocation subdirectories.

The initial version of DOS was largely based on CP / M and many of its function calls as well as the file system were copied directly from the older OS.

was too expensive, and it gave them excellent DOS support, a feature that was proving difficult for companies to get working with PCI cards ( as described above in the Sound Blaster 16 section, early PCI audio cards had to work around the missing ISA-DMA lines of the PCI slot to run with existing DOS software, and often the work-arounds did not function well, or worked only in DOS boxes within Microsoft Windows ).

As the product matured, it remained a DOS tool for many years, but added elements of the C programming language and Pascal programming language, as well as OOP, and the code-block data-type ( hybridizing the concepts of dBase macros, or string-evaluation, and function pointers ), to become far more powerful than the original.

There is also a catalog function, for listing files on the diskette, and an init function, which formats a disk for use with DOS, and stores a startup program ( usually called HELLO ) that will be auto-started when this disk is booted.

WordPerfect for DOS is an example of a program that made heavy use of function keys.

The most important reason for doing this is to allow protected mode programs to function under DOS, whose kernel used 16-bit real mode throughout its commercial life.

PDCurses, while not identical to ncurses, uses the same function calls and operates the same way as ncurses does except that PDCurses targets different devices, e. g., console windows for DOS, Win32, OS / 2, as well as X11.

DOS -, Windows-and OS / 2-like operating systems define the NUL device that performs a similar function ( but is implemented as part of the file name processing – no actual file exists by that name ).

The DOS is usually represented by one of the symbols g, ρ, D, n, or N, and can be given as a function of either energy or wave vector k. To convert between energy and wave vector, the specific relation between E and k must be known.

Help files needed to be present on the system DOS disk to function properly.

An example is a checking or confirmation function such as an " Are you sure " dialog box in computer software for an action that could have severe consequences if made in error, such as deleting a file ( although the consequence of inadvertent file deletion has been reduced from the DOS days by the concept of the recycle bin in Microsoft Windows or the trash can in Mac OS that has been introduced in most GUI interfaces ).

where is the Fermi distribution function, and are the density of states ( DOS ) in the sample and tip, respectively, and is the tunneling matrix element between the modified wavefunctions of the tip and the sample surface.

PBDOS includes an Integrated Development Environment ( IDE ) and supports DOS 3. 30 and all later versions.

DOS 3. 30 was the last version designed with the IBM XT and floppy-only systems in mind ; it became one of the most popular versions and many users preferred it to its buggy successor.

DOS 4. 0 used more memory than DOS 3. 30 and it also had a few glitches.

PC DOS 6. 30 was also used in OS / 2 for the PowerPC.

* IBM Corporation and Microsoft, Inc. DOS 3. 30: User's Guide.

* IBM Corporation and Microsoft, Inc. DOS 3. 30: Reference ( Abridged ).

In April 1987, PC DOS / 3. 30 added support for extended partitions, which could hold up to 23 " logical " or volumes.

DOS was designed to use little memory, and could run on 16 kB machines, a configuration available on the low-end S / 360 model 30.

A SpartaDOS compatible DOS, the last version 1. 30 was released in December 1995.

This version of Edit will run on DOS 3. 30 and higher.

* A User's Guide and Reference Manual for DOS XL 2. 30, 1983

DOS XL came in two versions, 2. 20 and 2. 30 ( 2. 20 users had to pay $ 20 to upgrade to 2. 30 ).

DOS XL originally sold for $ 30, but the price later increased to $ 39.

The patch for DOS XL 2. 30 to make it a 2. 30P:

* A User's Guide and Reference Manual for DOS XL 2. 30, 1983