Critics include Richard Green, Michael First ( DSM-IV editor ), Karen Franklin, and Charles Allen Moser, while others like William O ' Donohue argue that the proposal does not go far enough.

However, it has been speculated that DSM-IV still does not escape the problems DSM-III faced, where psychiatric diagnoses still include symptoms of expectable responses to stressful circumstances to be signs of disorders, along with symptoms that are individual dysfunctions.

Both DSM-IV and ICD-10 depict the disorder in terms of socially aberrant behavior in general rather than focusing more specifically on attachment behaviors as such.

The American diagnostic codes, from the DSM-IV, do not specifically code for this disorder although they include it as a symptom under the diagnosis of schizophrenia.

Studies on the schizoid personality have developed along two distinct paths ; ( 1 ) the descriptive psychiatry tradition which focuses on overtly observable, behavioral, and describable symptoms ( finding its clearest exposition in the DSM-IV revised ); and ( 2 ) the dynamic psychiatry tradition which includes the exploration of covert or unconscious motivations and character structure as elaborated by classic psychoanalysis and object-relations theory.

Originally called late luteal phase dysphoric disorder ( LLPDD ), the disorder was renamed PMDD by the American Psychiatric Association in its May 1993 revision of the DSM-IV.

These changes resulted from further research on maltreated and institutionalized children and remain in the current version, DSM-IV, 1994, and its 2000 text revision, DSM-IV-TR, as well as in ICD-10, 1992.

Despite its subclinical status in DSM-IV, available data suggest that EDNOS is no less severe than the officially recognized DSM-IV eating disorders.

DSM-IV states, " there is no assumption each category of mental disorder is a completely discrete entity with absolute boundaries " but isolated, low-grade and noncriterion ( unlisted for a given disorder ) symptoms are not given importance.

Proponents argue that the inter-rater reliability of DSM diagnoses ( via a specialized Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV ( SCID ) rather than usual psychiatric assessment ) is reasonable, and that there is good evidence of distinct patterns of mental, behavioral or neurological dysfunction to which the DSM disorders correspond well.

The DSM-IV should not be used by laypersons to diagnose themselves, even when used by professionals there has been considerable controversy over the diagnostic criteria used for various diagnoses, including eating disorders.

However, there is evidence that the implied one-way causal relationship between spontaneous panic attacks and agoraphobia in DSM-IV may be incorrect.

Ingestion of kaolin ( white dirt ) among African-American women in the US state of Georgia shows the practice there to be a DSM-IV " culture-bound syndrome " and " not selectively associated with other psychopathology ".

According to Ralph Klein, there are many fundamentally schizoid individuals who present with an engaging, interactive personality style which contradicts the observable characteristic emphasized by the DSM-IV and ICD-10 definitions of the schizoid personality.

The ICD-10's chapter five has been influenced by APA's DSM-IV and there is a great deal of concordance between the two.

In 2001, Gardner argued that when the DSM-IV was released there was insufficient research to include PAS, but since then there have been enough scientific articles and attention to PAS that it merited being taken seriously.

The coding system used in the DSM-IV is designed to correspond with the codes used in the ICD, although not all codes may match at all times because the two publications are not revised synchronously.

Cross-cultural psychiatrist Arthur Kleinman contends that the Western bias is ironically illustrated in the introduction of cultural factors to the DSM-IV: the fact that disorders or concepts from non-Western or non-mainstream cultures are described as " culture-bound ", whereas standard psychiatric diagnoses are given no cultural qualification whatsoever, is to Kleinman revelatory of an underlying assumption that Western cultural phenomena are universal.

There are currently two widely established systems that classify mental disorders — ICD-10 Chapter V: Mental and behavioural disorders, since 1949 part of the International Classification of Diseases produced by the WHO, and the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders ( DSM-IV ) produced by the American Psychiatric Association ( APA ) since 1952.

Psychologists and psychiatrists classify most phobias into three categories and, according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition ( DSM-IV ), such phobias are considered to be sub-types of anxiety disorder.

Communication disorders are usually first diagnosed in childhood or adolescence though they are not limited as childhood disorders and may persist into adulthood ( DSM IV-TR, Rapoport DSM-IV Training Guide for Diagnosis of Childhood Disorders ).

Tourette's ( DSM-IV 307. 23 ) is diagnosed when multiple motor tics, and at least one phonic tic, are present for more than a year.

Several of the above mentioned disorders, such as diabulimia, food maintenance syndrome and orthorexia nervosa, are not currently recognized as mental disorders in any of the medical manuals, such as the ICD-10 or the DSM-IV.

Eating disorders are classified as Axis I disorders in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Health Disorders ( DSM-IV ) published by the American Psychiatric Association.

The terms " nervous breakdown " and " mental breakdown " have not been formally defined through a diagnostic system such as the DSM-IV or ICD-10, and are nearly absent from current scientific literature regarding mental illness.

Manipulation and deceit are viewed as common features of BPD by many of those who treat the disorder as well as by the DSM-IV.

There are several medical definitions of delirium ( including those in the DSM-IV and ICD-10 ).

Major depressive episodes usually, but not always, also occur in the bipolar subtype, however they are not required for DSM-IV diagnosis.

Delusional Disorder -- Jealous Type: How Inclusive are the DSM-IV Diagnostic Criteria?

OCPD rates are consistently higher in persons with OCD than in healthy population controls using DSM-IV criteria.

Although the DSM-IV attempted to distinguish between OCPD and OCD by focusing on the absence of obsessions and compulsions in OCPD, OC personality traits are easily mistaken for abnormal cognitions or values considered to underpin OCD.

The DSM-IV says of schizophrenia that if characteristic symptoms are two ( or more ) of the following, each present for a significant portion of time during a 6-month period: delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech ( e. g., frequent derailment or incoherence ), grossly disorganized or catatonic behavior, negative symptoms, i. e., affective flattening, alogia, or avolition.

While the disorder is not listed in DSM-IV, the currently proposed DSM-V diagnostic criteria for hoarding disorder are:

Hypersexuality, nymphomania, and satyriasis are also not recognized diagnosable medical conditions by the DSM-IV.

The psychiatric ( DSM-IV ) diagnostic criteria for encopresis are:

According to the DSM-IV, the " With catatonic features " specifier can be applied if the clinical picture is dominated by at least two of the following:

The World Health Organization's ICD-10, which along with the DSM-IV is widely used internationally, states that " sexual orientation by itself is not to be regarded as a disorder ".

Other arguments for the iatrogenic position, include the lack of children diagnosed with DID, the sudden spike in incidence after 1980 ( although DID was not a diagnosis until DSM-IV, published in 1994 ), the absence of evidence of increased rates of child abuse, the appearance of the disorder almost exclusively in individuals undergoing psychotherapy, particularly involving hypnosis, the presences of bizarre alternate identities ( such as those claiming to be animals or mythological creatures ) and an increase in the number of alternate identities over time ( as well as an initial increase in their number as psychotherapy begins in DID-oriented therapy.

Human geophagy may be related to pica, a classified eating disorder in the DSM-IV characterized by abnormal cravings for nonfood items.

* Communication Disorder NOS ( Not Otherwise Specified )— the DSM-IV category in which disorders that do not meet the specific criteria for the disorder listed above may be classified.

It is only recognized by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders ( DSM-IV ) in individuals over the age of 18 ; however, symptoms necessary to establish the disorder can also be found in adolescents.

By 1994, however, when DSM-IV was published, it had become " social anxiety disorder " and was now said to be extremely common.

Several specific diagnostic criteria can be used to diagnose vascular dementia, including the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition ( DSM-IV ) criteria, the International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Edition ( ICD-10 ) criteria, the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke-Association Internationale pour la Recherche et l ' Enseignement en Neurosciences ( NINDS-AIREN ) criteria, the Alzheimer's Disease Diagnostic and Treatment Center criteria, and the Hachinski ischemic score.

Although Orthorexia is not recognized as a mental disorder by the American Psychiatric Association, and it is not listed in the DSM-IV or planned to be included in the DSM-V to be published May 2013, it is still used as a diagnosis by some practitioners who have documented the damaging results of the condition as they have seen in their practices.

These characteristics were the precursors of the DSM-IV division of schizoid character into three distinct personality disorders, though Kretschmer himself did not conceive of separating these behaviors to the point of radical isolation ; rather, he considered them to be simultaneously present as varying potentials in schizoid individuals.

As schizoaffective disorder is presently defined in the DSM-IV criteria, at some point during the lifetime course of the illness, psychosis must occur continuously for at least two-weeks without any mood disorder symptoms, and the symptoms must not be caused by medication ( s ), substance use or another medical condition.

The DSM-IV, and psychologists, generally agree that personal beliefs should be evaluated with great respect to complexity of cultural and religious differences since some cultures have widely accepted beliefs that may be considered delusional in other cultures.

A study was performed on 200 people with DSM-IV Body Dysmorphic Disorder, being of age 12 or older and being available to be interviewed in person.

The DSM-IV considers symptoms such as depersonalization, derealization and psychogenic amnesia to be core features of dissociative disorders.

According to the DSM-IV criteria for alcohol dependence, at least three out of seven of the following criteria must be manifest during a 12 month period:

# In alcohol dependence, reduction of alcohol, as defined within DSM-IV, can be attained by learning to control the use of alcohol.

The current version, the DSM-IV TR, uses a multiaxial system of classification, which requires the individual to be placed on 5 separate axes which describe possible mental health factors.

Mixed receptive-expressive language disorder ( DSM-IV 315. 32 ) is a communication disorder in which both the receptive and expressive areas of communication may be affected in any degree, from mild to severe.