Extreme instances of persecution include the pogroms which preceded the First Crusade in 1096, the expulsion from England in 1290, the massacres of Spanish Jews in 1391, the persecutions of the Spanish Inquisition, the expulsion from Spain in 1492, Cossack massacres in Ukraine, various pogroms in Russia, the Dreyfus affair, the Final Solution by Hitler's Germany, official Soviet anti-Jewish policies and the Jewish exodus from Arab and Muslim countries.

He also supported Émile Zola's position in the Dreyfus affair.

* 1894 – The Dreyfus affair begins in France, when Alfred Dreyfus is wrongly convicted of treason.

* 1898 – Émile Zola's J ' accuse exposes the Dreyfus affair.

* 1894 – The Dreyfus affair: Alfred Dreyfus is arrested for spying.

After almost two millennia of existence of the Jewish diaspora without a national state, the Zionist movement was founded in the late 19th century by secular Jews, largely as a response by Ashkenazi Jews to rising antisemitism in Europe, exemplified by the Dreyfus affair in France and the Anti-Jewish pogroms in the Russian Empire.

He is reinstalled in the French Army on July 21, thus ending the Dreyfus affair.

* October 15 – Dreyfus affair: French Army officer Alfred Dreyfus is arrested for spying.

The Dreyfus affair of 1894 only strengthened his activist stance.

Set in the mid through late 19th century, it depicts his friendship with noted painter Paul Cézanne, and his rise to fame through his prolific writing, with particular focus on his involvement in the Dreyfus affair.

His attorney, Maitre Labori ( Donald Crisp ) does his best, but the presiding judge refuses to allow him to bring up the Dreyfus affair and the military witnesses all commit perjury, with the exception of Picquart.

Category: Dreyfus affair

Front page cover of the newspaper L ’ Aurore for Thursday 13 January 1898, with the letter J ’ Accuse ...!, written by Émile Zola about the Dreyfus affair.

The case, known as the Dreyfus affair, divided France deeply between the reactionary army and church and the more liberal commercial society.

In all, Clemenceau published 665 articles defending Dreyfus during the affair.

In it he led the campaign to revisit the Dreyfus affair, and to create a separation of Church and State.

The bordereau ( memorandum ) which sparked the Dreyfus affair

The Dreyfus affair (, ) was a political scandal that divided France in the 1890s and the early 1900s ( decade ).

The factions in the Dreyfus affair remained in place for decades afterward.

While the Dreyfus affair was not Herzl's initial motivation, it did much to encourage his Zionism.

* The Dreyfus affair plays an important part in In Search of Lost Time, by Marcel Proust, especially Vols.

* A satirical take on the Dreyfus affair appears in L ' ile Des Pingouins by Anatole France.

However, Chiron did compete the following year, when he was beaten by René Dreyfus and his Bugatti and finished second, and took victory in the 1931 race driving a Bugatti.

Dreyfus was finally pardoned in 1906.

An assimilated Alsatian Jew from an academic family in Paris, he was deeply affected in his youth by the Dreyfus Affair.

He was a major figure in the political liberalization of France and in the exoneration of the falsely accused and convicted army officer Alfred Dreyfus, which is encapsulated in the renowned newspaper headline J ' Accuse.

Captain Alfred Dreyfus was a Jewish artillery officer in the French army.

When the French intelligence found information about someone giving the German embassy military secrets, anti-semitism seems to have caused senior officers to suspect Dreyfus, though there was no direct evidence of any wrongdoing.

Dreyfus was court-martialled, convicted of treason and sent to Devil's Island in French Guiana.

Rather than move to clear Dreyfus, the decision was made to protect Esterhazy and ensure the original verdict was not overturned.

Major Hubert-Joseph Henry forged documents that made it seem that Dreyfus was guilty and then had Picquart assigned to duty in Africa.

Soon Senator August Scheurer-Kestner took up the case and announced in the Senate that Dreyfus was innocent and accused Esterhazy.

Zola's intention was that he be prosecuted for libel so that the new evidence in support of Dreyfus would be made public.

The government offered Dreyfus a pardon ( rather than exoneration ), which he could accept and go free and so admit that he was guilty or face a re-trial in which he was sure to be convicted again.

" In 1906, Dreyfus was completely exonerated by the Supreme Court.

Captain Dreyfus initially had promised not to attend the funeral but was given permission by Mme Zola and attended.

In December 1894 the degradation of Captain Alfred Dreyfus was held before the main building, while his subsequent rehabilitation ceremony took place in a courtyard of the complex in 1906.

His career was further overclouded by the long-drawn-out Dreyfus case, in which he took an active part as a supporter of Emile Zola and an opponent of the anti-Semitic and Nationalist campaigns.

Sentenced to life imprisonment for allegedly having communicated French military secrets to the German Embassy in Paris, Dreyfus was sent to the penal colony at Devil's Island in French Guiana and placed in solitary confinement, where he was to spend almost 5 years.

The Army accused Dreyfus of additional charges based on false documents fabricated by a French counter-intelligence officer, Hubert-Joseph Henry, who was seeking to re-confirm Dreyfus's conviction.

In 1899, Dreyfus was brought to Rennes from Guiana for another trial.

The new trial resulted in another conviction and a 10-year sentence, but Dreyfus was offered a pardon and set free.