The Antarctic ( or ) is a polar region, specifically the region around the Earth's South Pole, opposite the Arctic region around the North Pole.

A total of 33 percent of the Earth's landmass is considered either arid of semi-arid, including southwest North America, southwest South America, most of northern and a small part of southern Africa, southwest and portions of eastern Asia, as well as much of Australia.

* The North celestial pole is the extension of the Earth's ( precessing and nutating ) instantaneous spin axis extended Northward to intersect the celestial sphere.

This forms a right-handed coordinate system with the z axis ( right hand thumb ) pointing from the Earth's center toward the North Pole and the x axis ( right hand index finger ) extending from Earth's center through the equator at the Prime Meridian.

The other approach suggested defining the metre as one ten-millionth of the length of the Earth's meridian along a quadrant ; that is, the distance from the equator to the North Pole.

The gram was first introduced in 1795, with a definition based on the density of water ( so that at the temperature of melting ice, one cubic centimeter of water would have a mass of one gram ; while the meter at the time was defined as the 10, 000, 000th part of the distance from the Earth's equator to the North Pole ).

A very common source of magnetic field shown in nature is a dipole, with a " South pole " and a " North pole ", terms dating back to the use of magnets as compasses, interacting with the Earth's magnetic field to indicate North and South on the globe.

The North Pole, also known as the Geographic North Pole or Terrestrial North Pole, is, subject to the caveats explained below, defined as the point in the Northern Hemisphere where the Earth's axis of rotation meets its surface.

The Earth's axis of rotation – and hence the position of the North Pole – was commonly believed to be fixed ( relative to the surface of the Earth ) until, in the 18th century, the mathematician Leonhard Euler predicted that the axis might " wobble " slightly.

The exact point of intersection of the Earth's axis and the Earth's surface, at any given moment, is called the " instantaneous pole ", but because of the " wobble " this cannot be used as a definition of a fixed North Pole ( or South Pole ) when metre-scale precision is required.

Comprising the continents of South America and North America, linked by the isthmus of Panama, along with their associated islands, they cover 8. 3 % of the Earth's total surface area ( 28. 4 % of its land area ).

Volcanoes can also form where there is stretching and thinning of the Earth's crust in the interiors of plates, e. g., in the East African Rift, the Wells Gray-Clearwater volcanic field and the Rio Grande Rift in North America.

At that point in Earth's history these rocks made up the soft bottom sediments of a large, shallow ocean, which stretched across much of North America.

But with respect to the Earth's surface, the compass will appear to be stationary and pointing along the Earth's surface toward the true North Pole.

The north and south celestial poles appear permanently directly overhead to an observer at the Earth's North Pole and South Pole respectively.

* Meridian ( geography ), an imaginary arc on the Earth's surface from the North Pole to the South Pole

** North Pole, the northernmost point on the surface of the Earth, where the Earth's axis of rotation intersects the Earth's surface

Magnetic fields in the magnetosphere arise from the Earth's internal magnetic field as well as from electric currents that flow in the magnetospheric plasma: the plasma acts as an electromagnet.

Magnetic fields from currents that circulate in the magnetospheric plasma extend the Earth's magnetism much further in space than would be predicted from the Earth's internal field alone.

* Magnetosphere: Earth's Magnetic Shield Against the Solar Wind

The north pole of a magnet is the pole that, when the magnet is freely suspended, points towards the Earth's North Magnetic Pole which is located in northern Canada.

Since opposite poles ( north and south ) attract, the Earth's " North Magnetic Pole " is thus actually the south pole of the Earth's magnetic field.

Magnetic moment displacement is ostensibly the main disturbance, yet submarines are detectable even when oriented parallel to the Earth's magnetic field, despite construction with non-ferromagnetic hulls.

* BBC News-Magnetic mysteries of Earth's Core ( section: Magnetic flip ) has a video showing the growth and movement of the South Atlantic Anomaly over the last 400 years.

Intensity of the Earth's magnetic field from the World Magnetic Model for 2010.

Inclination of the Earth's magnetic field from the World Magnetic Model for 2010.

Declination of the Earth's magnetic field from the World Magnetic Model for 2010.

The movement of Earth's North Magnetic Pole across the Canadian arctic, 1831 – 2001.

The inclination of the Earth's field is 90 ° at the North Magnetic Pole and-90 ° at the South Magnetic Pole.

They were also to attempt to establish the location of the Earth's North Magnetic Pole, then believed to lie somewhere along the western shore of Baffin Bay.

Refrigerators based on the magnetocaloric effect have been demonstrated in laboratories, using magnetic fields starting at 0. 6 T up to 10 T. Magnetic fields above 2 T are difficult to produce with permanent magnets and are produced by a superconducting magnet ( 1 T is about 20, 000 times the Earth's magnetic field ).

TSS-1R Science Investigations included: TSS Deployer Core Equipment and Satellite Core Equipment ( DCORE / SCORE ), Research on Orbital Plasma Electrodynamics ( ROPE ), Research on Electrodynamic Tether Effects ( RETE ), Magnetic Field Experiment for TSS Missions ( TEMAG ), Shuttle Electrodynamic Tether System ( SETS ), Shuttle Potential and Return Electron Experiment ( SPREE ), Tether Optical Phenomena Experiment ( TOP ), Investigation of Electromagnetic Emissions by the Electrodynamic Tether ( EMET ), Observations at the Earth's Surface of Electromagnetic Emissions by TSS ( OESSE ), Investigation and Measurement of Dynamic Noise in the TSS ( IMDN ), Theoretical and Experimental Investigation of TSS Dynamics ( TEID ) and the Theory and Modeling in Support of Tethered Satellite Applications ( TMST ).

* Magnetic anomaly, local variation in the Earth's magnetic field

* Magnetic Storm ( film ), the title of an hourlong PBS NOVA documentary about Earth's changing magnetic fields

* Magnetic dip, the angle made with the horizontal at any point by the Earth's magnetic field

He organized the systematic monitoring of the Earth's magnetic field, and in 1858 established a Magnetic Observatory in Rome.

The Earth's North Magnetic Pole tracked northwards across Bathurst Island during the 1960s and 1970s.

Ellef Ringnes Island was the last landmass to be visited by the Earth's wandering Magnetic North Pole.

The Antarctic continent, located in the Earth's southern hemisphere, is centered asymmetrically around the South Pole and largely south of the Antarctic Circle.

Part of this variation could be attributed to a wandering of the Pole across the Earth's surface, by a range of a few meters.

Vega is expected to become Earth's Pole star by year 26, 000 by some estimates.

* Pole star, a visible star that is approximately aligned with the Earth's axis of rotation