* P McPartland, The Eucharist Makes the Church, published by T and T Clark 1983

In its 1982 statement on Baptism, Eucharist and Ministry, the Faith and Order Commission of the World Council of Churches stated that " the primary manifestation of apostolic succession is to be found in the apostolic tradition of the Church as a whole ….

These realities form a " composite faithfulness " and are ( i ) " perseverance in the apostolic doctrine "; ( ii ) " the will to proclaim God's word "; ( iii ) " communion in the fundamental continuity of the Church, the Body of Christ, the faithful celebration of Baptism and the Eucharist "; ( iv ) " succession in the laying on of hands, the sign of ministerial continuity ".

Since Pope Leo XIII issued the bull Apostolicae Curae in 1896, the Catholic Church has insisted that Anglican orders are invalid because of changes in the Anglican ordination rites of the 16th century and divergence in understanding of the theology of priesthood, episcopacy and Eucharist.

The Council issued condemnations on what it defined as Protestant heresies and defined Church teachings in the areas of Scripture and Tradition, Original Sin, Justification, Sacraments, the Eucharist in Holy Mass and the veneration of saints.

No special ceremonial was devised to celebrate Christian marriage — despite the fact that the Church had produced liturgies to celebrate the Eucharist, Baptism and Confirmation.

The Didache ( Greek: teaching ) is an early Church treatise that includes instructions for Baptism and the Eucharist.

The Catholic Church teaches that when the bread and wine are consecrated in the Eucharist, they cease to be bread and wine, and become the body and blood of Christ, each of which is accompanied by the other and by Christ's soul and divinity.

The Roman Catholic Church believes that the matter for the Eucharist must be wheaten bread and fermented wine from grapes: it holds that, if the gluten has been entirely removed, the result is not true wheaten bread, For celiacs, but not generally, it allows low-gluten bread.

The Roman Catholic Church believes that grape juice that has not begun even minimally to ferment cannot be accepted as wine, which it sees as essential for celebration of the Eucharist.

Eucharist and Church Fellowship in the First Four Centuries.

Eucharist: Christ's Feast with the Church.

* Sacrament of the Eucharist — Catechism of the Catholic Church

The clergy could easily monitor the nominal amount of sacramental wine that each worshipper drank, especially because it was usually drunk only in Church and only on Sundays ( for the communion or Eucharist ceremony ).

The term " Lollard " refers to the followers of John Wycliffe, a prominent theologian who was dismissed from the University of Oxford in 1381 for criticism of the Church, especially his doctrine on the Eucharist.

All Churches of the Eastern Orthodox Church used leavened bread for the Eucharist as this symbolizes the risen Christ.

Old Catholic theology views the Eucharist as at the core of the Church.

Catholics, Eastern Orthodox, High Church Anglicans, Lutherans, and some Methodists consider the sacrifice to be " re-presented " in the Eucharist.

Clement X, on 24 November 1673, beatified nineteen Martyrs of Gorkum, taken prisoner at Gorcum, the Netherlands, and put to death in Brielle on 9 July 1572, in hatred of the Catholic faith, the primacy of the Pope, the Roman Church, and the Holy Sacrament of the Eucharist.

In the Western Catholic Church, " Sabbath " is a synonym of " Lord's Day " ( Sunday ), which is kept in commemoration of the resurrection of Christ, and celebrated with the Eucharist ( Catholic Catechism 2177 ).

The Catholic Church holds that the same change of the substance of the bread and of the wine occurs at the consecration of the Eucharist when the words are spoken " This is my body ... this is my blood.

In accordance with this belief that Christ is really, truly and substantially present under the remaining appearances of bread and wine, and continues to be present as long as those appearances remain, the Catholic Church preserves the consecrated elements, generally in a church tabernacle, for administering Holy Communion to the sick and dying, and also for the secondary, but still highly prized, purpose of adoring Christ present in the Eucharist.

The Roman Catholic Church considers the doctrine of transubstantiation to be concerned with what is changed, and not how the change occurs ; it teaches that the accidents that remain are real, not an illusion, and that Christ is " really, truly, and substantially present " in the Eucharist.

:" denieth, that, in the sacrament of the most holy Eucharist, are contained truly, really, and substantially, the body and blood together with the soul and divinity of our Lord Jesus Christ, and consequently the whole Christ ; but saith that He is only therein as in a sign, or in figure, or virtue " and anyone who " saith, that, in the sacred and holy sacrament of the Eucharist, the substance of the bread and wine remains conjointly with the body and blood of our Lord Jesus Christ, and denieth that wonderful and singular conversion of the whole substance of the bread into the Body, and of the whole substance of the wine into the Blood-the species only of the bread and wine remaining-which conversion indeed the Catholic Church most aptly calls Transubstantiation, let him be anathema.

Theological dialogue with the Roman Catholic Church has produced common documents that speak of " substantial agreement " about the doctrine of the Eucharist: the ARCIC Windsor Statement of 1971 ,< ref >

His works were very numerous, beginning with his De gradibus cognationis ( 1546 ), and including a treatise on the Eucharist ( 1566 ); a treatise ( Anti-Tribonian, 1567 ) to show that French law could not be based on Justinian ; a life of Coligny ( 1575 ); a polemic ( Brutum fulmen, 1585 ) directed against a bull of Sixtus V, with many other works on law, history, politics, and classical learning.

His only printed works are a fragment on the Eucharist, and the Moralia A brevi ala and De Origine Animae.

Ratramnus wrote a refutation of Paschasius ' treatise on the Eucharist, De Corpore et Sanguine Domini, using the same title.

The most well-known and influential work of St. Paschasius, De Corpore et Sanguine Domini ( written between 831 and 833 ), is an exposition on the nature of the Eucharist.

The pamphlet on the Eucharist was also reprinted at Toulouse, in 1835, under the title of Quatre Lettres sur la Trans-substantiation, and appeared in an English translation, by John W. Hamersley, as the Chemical Change in the Eucharist, 1867.

Those who believe that in the Eucharist the bread and wine become instead the body and blood of Christ see this as plainly indicated in the New Testament, both in the Eucharistic discourse given by Christ in John 6, and in 1st Corinthians 11, where St. Paul several times equates the body and blood of Jesus with the " bread " and " cup of benediction " used in the Eucharist.

John Calvin himself regarded Peter Martyr as one of the greatest expounders of the doctrine of the Eucharist in Protestantism.

In his prologue to the latest edition of this book, John Kersey refers to the Eucharist proposed by Leadbeater as " a radical reinterpretation of the context of the Eucharist seen within a theological standpoint of esoteric magic and universal salvation ; it is Catholicism expressing the love of God to the full without the burdens of needless guilt and fear, and the false totem of the temporal powers of the church.

* God is mystically present in the Eucharist, and through the means of grace in the church, the body of Christ ( Ephesians 2: 12, John 6: 56 )

* Eucharist, Bishop, Church: The Unity of the Church in the Divine Eucharist and the Bishop during the First Three Centuries by the Professor Metropolitan of Pergamus and Chairman of the Athens Academy John Zizioulas

The primary theological paradigm is rooted in New Testament passage John 6: 47-67, key to grasping how the disciples of Jesus and the first Christians understood the Eucharist.

) The daily bread in this prayer given by Jesus is a reference to the Eucharist according to many Church Fathers including St. Augustine, St. John Chrysostom, St. Jerome, and St. Cyprian of Carthage who in 251 wrote: " As the prayer continues, we ask and say, ' Give us this day our daily bread.

* The primary theological developments in regard to the Eucharist are mainly derived from earlier Church Fathers, especially the teachings of John Chrysostom, Ignatius of Antioch, and the Cappadocian Fathers, among others.

The classic Anglican aphorism with regard to the debate on the Eucharist is the poem by John Donne ( 1572 – 1631 ): " He was the Word that spake it ; He took the bread and brake it ; And what that Word did make it ; I do believe and take it " ( Divine Poems.

In her book Eucharist: true jewel of eucharistic spirituality Maria Candida of the Eucharist ( who was beatified by Pope John Paul II ) wrote about her own personal experiences and reflections on eucharistic meditation.

Also, Torrance ’ s influence can be seen in the thinking of Matthew Baker of Fordham University ; Elmer Colyer of the University of Dubuque Theological Seminary, one of the founding Directors of the T. F. Torrance Theological Fellowship and author of a number of works on Torrance ; Gary Deddo, Senior Editor at InterVarsity Press and founding President of the T. F. Torrance Theological Fellowship and author of a number of works on Torrance ; George Dion Dragas, Professor of Patrology and Patristics, Holy Cross Greek Orthodox School of Theology, Brookline, Massachusetts ; Eric Flett of Eastern University, St. David ’ s, Pennsylvania and author of a book on the Theology of Culture as understood through the thinking of Torrance ; Michael Gibson of Vanderbilt University ; Myk Habets of Carey Baptist College, Auckland, New Zealand, author of a number of works on Torrance, including a book on Torrance and Theosis ; George Hunsinger, Hazel Thompson McCord Professor of Systematic Theology at Princeton Theological Seminary and author of a number of works on Torrance as well as an important book on the Eucharist, influenced by Torrance ; Christian Kettler of Friends University, Kansas, the current President of the Thomas F. Torrance Theological Fellowship and author of a number of books that demonstrate Torrance ’ s influence ; Paul D. Molnar, Professor of Systematic Theology at St. John ’ s University in Queens, New York, past President of the Thomas F. Torrance Theological Fellowship and author of a number of works on Torrance including a book on Torrance ’ s trinitarian theology ; and Andrew Purves, Chair in Reformed Theology at Pittsburgh Theological Seminary.

Similarly, in her book Eucharist: true jewel of eucharistic spirituality Maria Candida of the Eucharist ( who was beatified by Pope John Paul II ) wrote about her own personal experiences and reflections on eucharistic meditation.

It has therefore been argued that it is the prayer as a whole, not some isolated words within it, that is efficacious in the sacrament, and that the Words of Institution that Jesus himself spoke at his Last Supper are consecratory at every Eucharist, whether they are repeated or only implied, in accordance with the teaching of Saint John Chrysostom: " That saying, ' This is my body ', once uttered, from that time to the present day, and even until Christ's coming, makes the sacrifice complete at every table in the churches.

The Eucharist gives one the " food of eternal life " ( John 6: 54 ), and allows one to receive and conform to Jesus Christ.

In 2004, Bruskewitz stated that he would deny the Eucharist to Catholic politicians who supported abortion, including 2004 presidential candidate John Kerry.

Pope John Paul II celebrated the Eucharist at the meeting with the communities in Porto San Giorgio in 1989, exactly as the communities do it, including the communion rite in a sitting position.