Some jurisdictions have specialized appellate courts, such as the Texas Court of Criminal Appeals, which only hears appeals raised in criminal cases, and the United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit, which has general jurisdiction but derives most of its caseload from patent cases, on the other hand, and appeals from the Court of Federal Claims on the other.

The United States federal courts are divided into twelve regional circuits, each with a circuit court of appeals ( plus a thirteenth, the Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit, which hears appeals in patent cases and cases against the federal government, without geographic limitation ).

* United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit

One of the earliest lawsuits to establish that citizens may sue for environmental and aesthetic harms was Scenic Hudson Preservation Conference v. Federal Power Commission, decided in 1965 by the Second Circuit Court of Appeals.

State courts are not generally bound by Federal District courts or Circuit courts, however.

On April 9, 2009, the court's decision was affirmed by the Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit.

State Street Bank v. Signature Financial Group is the landmark case in which the Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit ruled ( July 23, 1998 ) that a computer algorithm can be patented to the extent that it produces " a useful, concrete and tangible result ".

While the patent was initially rejected by the patent office as being a purely mathematical invention, following 12 years of appeals, Pardo and Landau won a landmark court case at the CCPA ( Predecessor Court of the Federal Circuit ) overturning the Patent Office in 1983 — establishing that " something does not cease to become patentable merely because the point of novelty is in an algorithm.

" However, in 1995 the United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit ruled the patent unenforceable.

Following the 2008 appeal by ATI over the validity of (' 327 ) and Silicon Graphics Inc's voluntary dismissal of the (' 376 ) patent from the lawsuit, the Federal Circuit upheld the jury verdict on the validity of GPHI's US Patent No. 6, 650, 327, and furthermore found that AMD had lost its right to challenge patent validity in future proceedings.

The MSPB rejects the vast majority of whistleblower appeals, however, as does the Federal Circuit Court of Appeals.

One of the earliest lawsuits to establish that citizens may sue for environmental and aesthetic harms was Scenic Hudson Preservation Conference v. Federal Power Commission, decided in 1965 by the Second Circuit Court of Appeals.

In June 2007, in the case Federal Communications Commission v. Fox Television Stations, the U. S. Second Circuit Court of Appeals ruled that the FCC could not issue indecency fines against the Fox network because the FCC does not have the authority to fine broadcasters for fleeting expletives, such as in the case of the Billboard Awards.

The 8th Circuit case of Davidson & Associates v. Jung determined that such clauses are enforceable, following the Federal Circuit decision of Baystate v. Bowers.

The city is home to both the United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit, one of 13 United States courts of appeals, and the Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond, one of 12 Federal Reserve Banks.

( In some Federal Appellate Circuit Courts, such as the Second Circuit, the " some credible evidence " standard has been found constitutionally insufficient to protect liberty interests of the parties in controversy at CPS hearings.

The thirteenth court of appeals is the United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit, which has nationwide jurisdiction over certain appeals based on their subject matter.

The Federal Circuit hears appeals from specialized trial courts, primarily the United States Court of International Trade and the United States Court of Federal Claims, as well as appeals from the district courts in patent cases and certain other specialized matters.

Generally, a final ruling by a district court in either a civil or a criminal case can be appealed to the United States court of appeals in the federal judicial circuit in which the district court is located, except that some district court rulings involving patents and certain other specialized matters must be appealed instead to the United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit, and in a very few cases the appeal may be taken directly to the United States Supreme Court.

Retiring to his beloved Mount Vernon, he returned to preside over the Federal Convention, and was the only man in history to be unanimously elected President.

Many believe -- and understandably -- that the great difference between the Constitution of the Southern Confederacy and the Federal Constitution was that the former recognized the right of each state to secede.

Corroborating Mr. Hodges' figures was the Federal Reserve Board's report of the large sales increase in the nation's department stores for the week ending March 4.

He claims that he was denied due process of law in violation of the Fifth Amendment, because ( 1 ) at a hearing before a hearing officer of the Department of Justice, he was not permitted to rebut statements attributed to him by the local board, and ( 2 ) at the trial, he was denied the right to have the hearing officer's report and the original report of the Federal Bureau of Investigation as to his claim.

Petitioner was not entitled, either in the administrative hearing at the Department of Justice or at his trial, to inspect the original report of the Federal Bureau of Investigation, since he was furnished a resume of it, did not challenge its accuracy, and showed no particular need for the original report.

He says that he was not permitted to rebut before the hearing officer statements attributed to him by the local board, and, further, that he was denied at trial the right to have the Department of Justice hearing officer's report and the original report of the Federal Bureau of Investigation as to his claim -- all in violation of the Fifth Amendment.

For the Smith-Hughes, George-Barden, and National Defense Act of 1958, the cumulative total of Federal expenditures in 42 years was only about $740 million.

However, the Attorney General of California, at the request of the Secretary of Labor, sought to have the jurisdiction over the issue removed to the Federal District Court, on grounds that it was predominantly a Federal issue since the validity of the Secretary's Regulation was being challenged.

However, the Federal Court held that since the State had accepted the provisions of the Wagner-Peyser Act into its own Code, and presumably therefore also the regulations, it was now a State matter.

Curtis Allen Huff, 41, of 1630 Lake Av., Wilmette, was arrested yesterday on a suppressed federal warrant charging him with embezzling an undetermined amount of money from the First Federal Savings and Loan association, 1 S. Dearborn St., where he formerly was employed as an attorney.

The economist does not look for a drastic switch in the budget during this recovery and believes it `` even more unlikely that the Federal Reserve will aggressively tighten monetary policy in the early phases of the upturn as was the case in 1958 ''.

Lincoln understood that the Federal government's power to end slavery was limited by the Constitution, which before 1865, committed the issue to individual states.

" It concluded by saying, " in the years to come, in the view of the hundreds of thousands of people who are devoted to baseball, and the millions who will be, Abner Doubleday's fame will rest evenly, if not quite as much, upon the fact that he was its inventor ... as upon his brilliant and distinguished career as an officer in the Federal Army.

After Amadeus abandonment in 1873, Parliament declared the Federal Republic ( including the Cuba, Puerto Ico and he Pacific Archipelagos ), the first act of President Estanbislao Figueras was to extend the Abolition Act to Puerto Rico.

He built Pittsburgh's Carnegie Steel Company, which was later merged with Elbert H. Gary's Federal Steel Company and several smaller companies to create U. S. Steel.

In 1954, when Capp was applying for a Boston television license, the Federal Communications Commission ( FCC ) received an anonymous packet of pornographic Li ' l Abner drawings.

Because of its relatively small size for a capital city, Bonn was sometimes referred to, jokingly, as the Bundeshauptstadt ohne nennenswertes Nachtleben ( Federal capital without noteworthy night-life ) or the Bundesdorf ( Federal Village ).

Their kind created an American culture superior to any in the world, an industrial and technological culture which penetrated Russia as it did almost every corner of the earth without a nickel from the Federal treasury or a single governmental specialist to contrive directives or program a series of consultations of interested agencies.

But the form in which the claim must be stated need not be different from what the State exacts in the enforcement of like obligations created by it, so long as a requirement does not add to, or diminish, the right as defined by Federal law, nor burden the realization of this right in the actualities of litigation ''.

The US Federal Reserve was created by the U. S. Congress through the passing of The Federal Reserve Act in the Senate and its signing by President Woodrow Wilson on the same day, December 23, 1913.

These include the largest, the Swiss People's Party ( SVP ), the Christian Democratic People's Party ( CVP ), represented in the Federal Council or cabinet by Doris Leuthard ( in 2011 ), and the Conservative Democratic Party of Switzerland ( BDP ), which is a spliter of the SVP created after a failed attempt to expel Eveline Widmer-Schlumpf from the SVP.

In addition, the Occupation Statute of 1949, which granted partial independence to the newly created Federal Republic of Germany, specifically forbade the imposition of import quotas to protect German film production from foreign competition, the result of lobbying by the American industry as represented by the MPAA.

This situation changed after 1974 when the Film-Fernseh-Abkommen ( Film and Television Accord ) was agreed between the Federal Republic's main broadcasters, ARD and ZDF, and the German Federal Film Board ( a government body created in 1968 to support film-making in Germany ).

It was created on December 23, 1913, with the enactment of the Federal Reserve Act, largely in response to a series of financial panics, particularly a severe panic in 1907.

Because some banks refused to clear checks from certain others during times of economic uncertainty, a check-clearing system was created in the Federal Reserve system.

Along with several smaller programs, major surviving programs include the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, which was created in 1933, and Social Security, which Congress passed in 1935.

He appointed a commission that set aside 3, 000, 000 acres ( 12, 000 km² ) of national parks and 2, 300, 000 acres of national forests ; advocated tax reduction for low-income Americans ( not enacted ); closed certain tax loopholes for the wealthy ; doubled the number of veterans ' hospital facilities ; negotiated a treaty on St. Lawrence Seaway ( which failed in the U. S. Senate ); wrote a Children's Charter that advocated protection of every child regardless of race or gender ; created an antitrust division in the Justice Department ; required air mail carriers to adopt stricter safety measures and improve service ; proposed federal loans for urban slum clearances ( not enacted ); organized the Federal Bureau of Prisons ; reorganized the Bureau of Indian Affairs ; instituted prison reform ; proposed a federal Department of Education ( not enacted ); advocated $ 50-per-month pensions for Americans over 65 ( not enacted ); chaired White House conferences on child health, protection, homebuilding and home-ownership ; began construction of the Boulder Dam ( later renamed Hoover Dam ); and signed the Norris – La Guardia Act that limited judicial intervention in labor disputes.

In 1989-1990 the German government realized they had an opportunity to remove the division between the Federal Republic of Germany and Soviet created German Democratic Republic.

In 1948, the Federal Capital Territory of Pakistan was created, comprising approximately of Karachi and surrounding areas, but this was merged into the province of West Pakistan in 1961.

The Federal Sentencing Guidelines are followed in federal cases and have been created to ensure a standard of uniformity in all cases decided in the federal courts.

The Federal Railroad Police was created in 1852.

The House of Representatives and Senate approved legislation to establish a Department of Foreign Affairs on July 21, 1789, and President Washington signed it into law on July 27, making the Department of Foreign Affairs the first Federal agency to be created under the new Constitution.

* December 23 – The Federal Reserve is created by Woodrow Wilson.

Radio stations received permission to transmit through broadcast licenses obtained through the Federal Radio Commission ( FRC ), a government entity created in 1926 to regulate the radio industry.

President Franklin Roosevelt created a series of Federal Government employment programs that contributed significantly to the Submarine Base.

This ordinance accepted the abolishment of all claims to the land west of Pennsylvania and north of the Ohio River by the states of Pennsylvania, Virginia, New York, Connecticut, and Massachusetts, and the ordinance established Federal control over all of this land in the Northwest Territory — with the goal that several new states should be created there.

" The TVPA also " created new law enforcement tools to strengthen the prosecution and punishment of traffickers, making human trafficking a Federal crime with severe penalties.

The position of Federal Interlocutor for Métis and Non-Status Indians was created in 1985 as a portfolio in the Canadian Cabinet.

* Brasília, the capital of Brazil, is located in the Federal District — the same was created especially for the purpose of housing the Federal capital city.