Standard Italian is not based on the speech of the capital, Rome, but on the speech of Florence because of the influence Florentines had on early Italian literature.

Once Siena had been conquered by Florence under the rule of the Medici family in 1555, Montalcino held out for almost four years, but ultimately fell to the Florentines, under whose control it remained until the Grand Duchy of Tuscany was amalgamated into a united Italy in 1861.

Savonarola now declared that by answering his call to penitence the Florentines had begun to build a new Ark of Noah which had saved them from the waters of the divine flood.

If the Florentines had any doubt that the promise of worldly power and glory had heavenly sanction Savonarola emphasized this in a sermon of April 1, 1495, in which he described his mystical journey to the Virgin Mary in heaven.

France then joined the League of Cognac that Pope Clement VII had formed with Henry VIII of England, the Venetians, the Florentines, and the Milanese to resist imperial domination of Italy.

The coup d ' état had failed, and the enraged Florentines seized and killed the conspirators.

By the 14th century, rich Florentines had countryside villas in Fiesole, and one of them is the setting of the frame narrative of the Decameron.

These measures both angered the Florentines, and helped alleviate the fiscal crisis that had been stewing for years.

He was elected gonfaloniere for life in 1502 by the Florentines, who wished to give greater stability to their republican institutions, which had been restored after the expulsion of Piero de ' Medici and the execution of Savonarola.

In June 1300, when the Florentines had become tired of brawling between the Ghibellines and the Guelphs, the leaders of both factions were exiled and Cavalcanti was amongst them.

It was reported by Villani that a plot had been intercepted at Arezzo, by which the bishop agreed to give over to the Florentines Bibbiena Civitella, and all the villages of his see, in return for a life annuity of 5, 000 golden florins a year, guaranteed by the bank of the Cerchi.

The Florentines and their allies had 10, 000 undisciplined armed rabble on foot, including light-armed infantry, and crossbowmen, and unmounted lancers, but 1, 600 knights and 600 mounted burghrers of Florence,

The Florentines had been the dominating power of the place over, Siena and Arezzo, but while Florence was about to realize its plans for domination in the north-west region the revolt of the Ghibellines in the early 1300 was able to slow down this process.

Initially, rather than attempting to disobey the interdict, Florentines organized extra-ecclesiastical processions ( including flagellants ) and confraternities, including the re-emergence of groups such as the Fraticelli, who had previously been deemed heretical.

Before beginning the story-telling sessions, the ten young Florentines, 7 women and 3 men, referred to as the Brigata, gather at the Basilica di Santa Maria Novella and together decide to escape Black Death by leaving the city to stay in a villa in the countryside for the next two weeks.

Buoyed by liberation and prophetic promise, the Florentines embraced Savonarola ’ s campaign to rid the city of " vice ".

The Florentines were not willing to support it, and soon after their arrival, Ferrara's troops left the city.

While Nerio willed the city and duchy to Venice, it returned to the Florentines until the Turkish conquest.

In regard to his own time, Villani provides modern historians with valuable details on Florentine social and living habits, such as the growing trend and craze of wealthy Florentines in building large country homes far outside of the city.

Before the construction of San Giovanni dei Fiorentini, the Minerva was the church in Rome of the Florentines, and therefore it contains numerous tombs of prelates, nobles and citizens coming from that Tuscan city.

During his government the long war with Pisa was brought to a close with the capture of that city by the Florentines in 1509.

Dante's class prejudice displays itself in several episodes in the Inferno ; in one, three noble Florentines, who have died and gone to Hell, ask Dante for news of their home city.

Pope Gregory XI excommunicated all members of the government of Florence and placed the city under interdict on March 31, 1376, banning religious services in Florence and legalizing the arrest and enslavement of Florentines and the confiscation of their property throughout Europe.

The bitterness occasioned by this advice will be better understood when it is remembered that at that time the papacy was at war with the Florentines and was in dire straits.

In the following years Pisa clashed with Lucca in Garfagnana and was defeated by the Florentines at Castel del Bosco.

He made his home with his elder brother Piero at Florence throughout the agitation of Savonarola and the invasion of Charles VIII of France, until the uprising of the Florentines and the expulsion of the Medici in November 1494.

While Savonarola intervened with the king, the Florentines expelled the ruling Medici and, at the friar ’ s urging, established a popular republic.

In May 1497 Pope Alexander VI excommunicated Savonarola and threatened the Florentines with an interdict if they persisted in harboring him.

Above its wholly traditional rusticated ground floor of the yellow-ochre sandstone Florentines call pietra forte it has a stuccoed facade in a new taste, with delicate designs round the windows in the manner associated with Brunelleschi.

The Catalan rule was to last uninterruptedly until 1388 – 1390 when they were defeated by the Navarrese Company under Pedro de San Superano, Juan de Urtubia, and allied with the Florentines under Nerio I Acciaioli of Corinth.

This primary axis terminates in a fountain of Neptune ( known to the irreverent Florentines as the " Fountain of the Fork " for Neptune's trident ), with the sculpture of Neptune by Stoldo Lorenzi visible against the skyline as a visitor climbs the slope.

Doubly inconvenienced with the damages caused by this pirate's ships and with the complicity of local Florentines, Philip II of Portugal ( Philip III of Spain ) ordered, on July 30, 1611, the necessary means taken to capture Pirate Admiral Peter Easton.

Historian J. K. Hyde writes that the idea of Florence being the daughter of Rome would have given the Florentines a sense of destiny, while the second founding by Charlemagne provided historical context for alliance with France, which Hyde calls " the touchstone of Guelphism ".

This was part of his attempts to gain allies in the upcoming war against Florence, caused by his expansion in central Italy and his alliance with Paolo Guinigi, lord of Lucca, a traditional enemy of the Florentines.

The slow pace of the allied army led the Florentines and Sienese to accept peace with Ladislaus, which he bought by renouncing some of his Tuscan conquests.

The Basilica became popular with Florentines as a place of worship and patronage and it became customary for greatly honoured Florentines to be buried or commemorated there.

Then, in order to gain control of this strategic region, Luccans fought Pisans, Pisa struggled with Genoese, Milanese struck out against the Modense and Florentines made war on them all.

He was well received in Venice, for the republic was beginning to fear the ambitions of the Visconti, and the new doge, Francesco Foscari, was anxious to join the Florentines and go to war with Milan.

the best armed and mounted which ever sallied out forth from Florence ; and 400 mercenaries, together with the following of the Captain M Amerigo, in the pay of the Florentines ; and of Lucca there were 500 horsemen ; and of Prato 40 horsemen and foot soldiers ; and of Pistoia, 60 horse and foot ; and of Siena, 120 horse ; and of Volterra, 40 horse ; and of Bologna, their ambassadors with their company ; and of Samminiato, and of Sangimignano, and of Colle, men mounted and on foot from each place ; and Maghinardo of Susinana, a good and wise captain in war, with his Romagnoli.

The Florentines asserted that their form of government was superior on the basis that it was more similar to that of the Greeks and the Roman Republic.

Other inscription from 1893 records the Florentines who distinguished themselves during the annexation of Milan ( 1865 ), Venice ( 1866 ) and Rome ( 1871 ) to the kingdom of Italy.