This head-of-state immunity, recognized by the United States, must be distinguished from that envisaged under the United States ' Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act of 1976, which, while recognizing the basic immunity of foreign governments from being sued in American courts, lays down nine exceptions, including commercial activity and actions in the United States by agents or employees of the foreign governments.

Depending on their roles, those people selected by committee are submitted either to the Prime Minister, Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs, or Secretary of State for Defence for their approval before being sent to the Sovereign for final approval.

While a court did affirm that various Nigerian government officials ( including a governor of the Central Bank of Nigeria ) were directly or indirectly involved and that Nigerian government officials could be sued in U. S. courts under the " commercial activity " exception to the Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act, he was unable to get his money back due to the doctrine of unclean hands because he had knowingly entered into a contract that was illegal.

The two Sovereign Bases on Cyprus are a British overseas territory, but instead of having a Governor, like other such territories, it has an Administrator, who while being appointed by the British Sovereign, is responsible to the British Ministry of Defence, not to the Foreign and Commonwealth Office.

That ruling has attracted attention as a precedent at the intersection of the Alien Tort Claims Act ( ATCA ) and the Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act ( FSIA ).

The United States District Court dismissed the complaint in 2006 on the basis that Yaalon was entitled to immunity under the Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act.

In 1952, the State Department, noting the development of immunity in other nations, adopted the Restrictive Theory of Sovereign Immunity according to which the Public Acts ( Jure Imperii ) of a Foreign State are entitled to immunity, while the Private Acts ( Jure Gestionis ) are not.

In passing the Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act in 1976, Congress largely codified the Restrictive Theory of Immunity, but, in an effort to de-politicize sovereign immunity determinations, it vested the courts ( rather than the Executive ) with authority to determine whether a Foreign State is entitled to immunity.

In Argentine Republic v. Amerada Hess Shipping Corp., 488 U. S. 428 ( 1989 ), the Supreme Court held that the Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act provides the " sole basis for obtaining jurisdiction over a foreign state.

There had been disagreement among the courts as to whether an individual government official is covered by the Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act, and therefore immune to suit according to its provisions or whether traditional ( pre-FSIA ) common law rules of immunity apply.

* The Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act was invoked in John V. Doe v. Holy See, a lawsuit against the Holy See in cases related to child abuse incidents in various U. S. churches.

* Foreign Sovereign Immunities act from Cornell LII

* Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act

Following the September 1997 suicide bombing in Jerusalem, five American students who had been wounded were awarded $ 251 million in compensatory and punitive damages against the government of Iran and the Iranian Revolutionary Guard Corps by Judge Ricardo M. Urbina, under the Flatow Amendment of the Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act, in accordance with Section 201a of the Terrorism Risk Insurance Act of 2002, which states that " in every case in which a person has obtained a judgment against a terrorist party on a claim based upon an act of terrorism ... the blocked assets of that terrorist party ... shall be subject to execution ".

Republic of Austria v. Altmann, 541 U. S. 677 ( 2004 ), was a case in which the Supreme Court of the United States held that the Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act applies retroactively.

That ruling has attracted attention as a precedent at the intersection of the Alien Tort Claims Act ( ATCA ) and the Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act ( FSIA ).

The defendants also argued that, under the Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act ( Reagan recognized Vatican sovereignty in 1984 ), they had no obligation to return the looted Ustaše gold to Yugoslavia in 1946 because the country was ruled by a hostile Communist regime, saying:

Category: Foreign Sovereign Immunity Act case law

*: Jurisdictional Immunities of Foreign States

In December 2011, Aon Corporation paid a $ 16. 26 million penalty to the US Securities and Exchange Commission ( SEC ) and the US Department of Justice ( DOJ ) for violations of the US Foreign Corrupt Practices Act ( FCPA ).

The United Kingdom Foreign and Commonwealth Office delivered a note to the Ecuadorian government in Quito reminding them of the provisions of the Diplomatic and Consular Premises Act 1987 which allow the British government to withdraw recognition of diplomatic protection from embassies ; the move was interpreted as a hostile act by Ecuador, with Foreign Minister Ricardo Patiño stating that this " explicit threat " would be met with " appropriate responses in accordance with international law ".

It was established by the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act of 1978 ( FISA ).

Genscher also was an active participant in the further development of the European Union, taking an active part in the Single European Act Treaty negotiations in the mid 1980s, as well as the joint publication of the Genscher-Colombo plan with Italian Minister of Foreign Affairs Emilio Colombo which advocated further integration and deepening of relations in the European Union towards a more federalist European State.

The liberal Foreign Investment Act of 1990 provides guarantees against nationalisation, freedom to remit capital and profits, currency convertibility, and a process for settling disputes equitably.

The 2010 edition conforms to the concept of the primary use of the SI ( metric ) measurements recommended by the Omnibus Foreign Trade and Competitiveness Act ( of 1988 )

By most accounts, Coca-Cola was India's leading soft drink until 1977 when it left India after a new government ordered The Coca-Cola Company to turn over its secret formula for Coke and dilute its stake in its Indian unit as required by the Foreign Exchange Regulation Act ( FERA ).

However, in Meese v. Keene,, the Court upheld the Foreign Agents Registration Act of 1938, under which several Canadian films were defined as " political propaganda ," requiring their sponsors to be identified.

To protect the telecommunication carriers cooperating with the US government from legal action, the Congress passed a bill updating the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act of 1978 to permit this type of surveillance.

Once laity and clergy relaxed their vehement opposition to the Doctrine of the Trinity Act 1813 ( sometimes called the Trinitarian Act 1812 and also variously known as the Trinity Act, Unitarian Relief Act and Unitarian Toleration Bill ) that amended the Blasphemy Act 1697 in respect of its Trinitarian provisions, the British and Foreign Unitarian Association was founded in 1825.

Key acts changed were the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act of 1978 ( FISA ), the Electronic Communications Privacy Act of 1986 ( ECPA ), the Money Laundering Control Act of 1986 and Bank Secrecy Act ( BSA ), as well as the Immigration and Nationality Act.

* Foreign Corrupt Practices Act

On 27 June 2001, the Intelligence Services Act 2001 ( ISA ) was introduced into Parliament by then Minister for Foreign Affairs Alexander Downer, which proposed significant changes to the Australian Intelligence Community ( AIC ).

On 15 October 2003, the Intelligence Services Amendment Bill 2003 was introduced into Parliament by Foreign Minister Alexander Downer, as an amendment to the original Intelligence Services Act 2001 ( ISA ).

As per the agreement with prosecutors, the two Daimler subsidiaries admitted to knowingly violating the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act, which bars companies and their officials from paying bribes to foreign officials to win business.

If a foreign defendant qualifies as a " Foreign State " under the FSIA, the Act provides that it shall be immune to suit in any U. S. Court — federal or state — unless a statutory exception to immunity applies.

Under the FSIA, the burden of proof is initially on the defendant to establish that it is a " Foreign State ," under the FSIA and therefore entitled to sovereign immunity.

Although it is unclear precisely what entities qualify as an agency or instrumentality, case law has demonstrated the foreign government agencies ( particularly to the extent they perform governmental functions ) and foreign government-owned corporations are generally considered to be " Foreign States " on whom the FSIA applies.

In Dole Food Co. v. Patrickson, 538 U. S. 468 ( 2003 ), the Supreme Court determined that in order for a government owned corporation to qualify as a Foreign State under the FSIA because a majority of its " shares or other ownership interest " are owned by a foreign state or political subdivision, the Foreign State must directly own a majority of the corporation's shares.

The Supreme Court concluded that because the Israeli government did not directly own a majority of the companies shares, the corporations could not be considered " Foreign States " and the FSIA therefore did not apply.

In determining whether the Foreign State's activities are commercial, the FSIA requires that courts look to the nature of the act itself, rather than the purpose for which the foreign sovereign engaged in the act.

The BIOT administration was moved to Seychelles following the independence of Mauritius in 1968 until the independence of Seychelles in 1976, and to a desk in the Foreign and Commonwealth Office in London since.

* Foreign Member of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, ( 1976 )

* Sir Reginald Hibbert, GCMG Chargé d ' Affaires in Ulan Bator, Mongolia, 1964 – 66 ; Minister at Bonn 1972 – 75 ; Assistant Under-Secretary of State, Foreign and Commonwealth Office 1975 – 76 ; Deputy Under-Secretary of State 1976 – 79 ; Ambassador to France 1979 – 82.

Christopher Ewart-Biggs, CMG, OBE ( 1921 – 21 July 1976 ) was the British Ambassador to Ireland, an author and senior Foreign Office liaison officer with MI6.

), Foreign Relations of the United States, 1969 – 1976, Volume XXXII, SALT I, 1969 – 1972 ( Washington, D. C .: U. S. Government Printing Office, 2010 ), http :// history. state. gov / historicaldocuments / frus1969-76v32

In his second career in politics, he rose to become Foreign Minister of Japan in 1976 – 1977.

" For an Independent Quebec ", in Foreign Affairs, July, 1976 )

After the Fraser government took office after the 1975 election, Foreign Minister Andrew Peacock had Gair recalled on 21 January 1976, not for political reasons, but because he was unfit for diplomacy.

First elected to the Senate in 1976, he is the ranking member of the Senate Committee on Foreign Relations and was its chairman from 1985 to 1987 and 2003 to 2007.

" in Foreign Affairs, in October 1976.

In September 1976, Owen was appointed by the new Prime Minister of five months, James Callaghan, as a Minister of State at the Foreign Office and was consequently admitted to the Privy Council of the United Kingdom.

* Cinema Writers Circle Awards, Spain: CEC Award, Best Foreign Film, Italy ; 1976.

Upon the formation of the first non-socialist government in Sweden in 40 years, 1976, he was appointed Secretary for Foreign Development Support.

He had a long ministerial career, serving as Assistant Minister of the Interior 1950 – 1951 ; Minister at the Council of State Chancellery 1951, and 1956 – 1957 ; Minister of Education 1953, 1954, 1956 – 1957, and 1968 – 1970 ; Minister for Foreign Affairs 1954 – 1956, 1957, and 1958 ; Deputy Prime Minister 1957, 1958, 1962 – 1963, 1968 – 1970, and 1977 – 1979 ; Minister of Agriculture 1961 – 1962, 1962 – 1963 ; Minister of Finance 1972 – 1975 ; and Minister of Agriculture and Forestry 1976 – 1977 and 1977 – 1979.

Pettigrew was director of the Political Committee, NATO Assembly, in Brussels, from 1976 to 1978, executive assistant to the Leader of the Quebec Liberal Party from 1978 to 1981 and Foreign Policy Advisor to Pierre Trudeau, Prime Minister of Canada, from 1981 to 1984.

Foreign trade was almost completely halted, though there was a limited revival in late 1976 and early 1977.

After two years, he left the Foreign Service to become the managing editor of the magazine Foreign Policy from 1972 – 1976.

In the summer of 1976, Holbrooke left Foreign Policy to serve as campaign coordinator for national security affairs to Governor Jimmy Carter ( D-GA ) in his bid for the White House.

His maternal grandmother Sara Bensliman Bensaúde, who died in 1976, was a of Sephardi Jew from Morocco of Portuguese origin, and his maternal grandfather Fernando Branco ( 1880 – 1940 ) was a Naval Officer of the Portuguese Navy and later the Foreign Minister of Portugal ; Sampaio himself is agnostic, and does not consider himself a Jew.

After his elimination, he switched his support to the eventual winner James Callaghan, who duly rewarded Crosland by appointing him Foreign Secretary on 8 April 1976.

" Foreign scientists about the metallurgy of the ancient Georgian tribes " ( a monograph ), Tbilisi, 1976, pp. 3 – 90 ( in Georgian, Russian summary ).

Within the party he has been fulfilling the positions as Foreign Policy Spokesman from 2005, chairman of the party, 2002 – 2005, economic and political affairs spokesman and finance policy spokesman, 1988 – 1991, political spokesman, 1991 – 1993 and 2001 – 02, and he has been member of such bodies as the Income Tax Committee, 1975 – 1977, the Board of Assessors, 1976 – 1981 and 1984 – 1993, chairman of the Folketing's Fiscal Affairs Committee, 1984 – 1986, of the Folketing's Trade and Industry Committee, 1987 – 1988, and of the Folketing's Economic and Political Affairs Committee, 1988-1990.

In 1976 the club saw what could be said to be its most prestigious visitor when the local Member of Parliament and then Foreign Secretary Anthony Crosland invited the then American Secretary of State Henry Kissinger to watch the Mariners play Gillingham.