* Foucault pendulum

Its lobby also houses a large Foucault pendulum.

A MEMS gyroscope takes the idea of the Foucault pendulum and uses a vibrating element, known as a MEMS ( Micro Electro-Mechanical System ).

Foucault pendulum

Lexington Public Library, in the Phoenix Park area near the geographic center of Lexington, houses the world's largest ceiling clock, a five-story Foucault pendulum and a frieze depicting the history of the horse in the Bluegrass.

* 1851-Léon Foucault shows the Earth's rotation with a huge pendulum ( Foucault pendulum )

In 1851, physicist Léon Foucault demonstrated the rotation of the earth by his experiment conducted in the Panthéon, by constructing a 67 meter Foucault pendulum beneath the central dome.

A Foucault pendulum installed at the California Academy of Sciences.

While it had long been known that the Earth rotated, the introduction of the Foucault pendulum in 1851 was the first simple proof of the rotation in an easy-to-see experiment.

The Foucault pendulum at Panthéon, Paris.

The first public exhibition of a Foucault pendulum took place in February 1851 in the Meridian of the Paris Observatory.

A few weeks later Foucault made his most famous pendulum when he suspended a 28 kg brass-coated lead bob with a 67 meter long wire from the dome of the Panthéon, Paris.

A Foucault pendulum at the north pole.

Animation of a Foucault pendulum at the Pantheon in Paris ( 48 ° 52 ' North ), with the Earth's rotation rate greatly exaggerated.

When a Foucault pendulum is suspended at the equator, the plane of oscillation remains fixed relative to Earth.

For example, a Foucault pendulum at 30 ° south latitude, viewed from above by an earthbound observer, rotates counterclockwise 360 ° in two days.

A Foucault pendulum requires care to set up because imprecise construction can cause additional veering which masks the terrestrial effect.

* The episteme that underlies our cognitive formations ( Foucault ),

It was in the aftermath of 1968 that Guattari met Gilles Deleuze at the University of Vincennes and began to lay the ground-work for the soon to be infamous Anti-Oedipus ( 1972 ), which Michel Foucault described as " an introduction to the non-fascist life " in his preface to the book.

In the work of diverse theorists such as William James ( 1842 – 1910 ), Michel Foucault ( 1926 – 1984 ) and Hayden White, important critiques of hierarchical epistemology are advanced.

* Histoire de la folie à l ' âge classique ( Madness and Civilization: A History of Insanity in the Age of Reason ), a book by Michel Foucault

Philosophers commonly referred to as Post-structuralists include Michel Foucault, Roland Barthes, Jean Baudrillard, Gilles Deleuze ( all of whom began their careers within a Structuralist framework ), Jacques Derrida, Pierre Bourdieu, Jean-François Lyotard, Julia Kristeva, Hélène Cixous, Luce Irigaray and, sometimes, the American cultural theorists, critics and intellectuals they influenced ( e. g. Judith Butler, Jonathan Crary, John Fiske, Rosalind Krauss, Hayden White ).

While Foucault himself was deeply involved in a number of progressive political causes and maintained close personal ties with members of the far-Left, he was also controversial with Leftist thinkers of his day, including those associated with various strains of Marxism, proponents of Left libertarianism ( e. g. Noam Chomsky ) and Humanism ( e. g. Jürgen Habermas ), for his rejection of what he deemed to be Enlightenment-derived concepts of freedom, liberation, self-determination and human nature.

It was Foucault who gave the device its modern name, in an experiment to see ( Greek skopeein, to see ) the Earth's rotation ( Greek gyros, circle or rotation ), which was visible in the 8 to 10 minutes before friction slowed the spinning rotor.

A Marxist, he proved to be an influence both on Foucault and a number of other students, encouraging them to join the French Communist Party ( Parti communiste français-PCF ), which Foucault duly did in 1950.

Foucault adopted many of the theories of the psychoanalyst Sigmund Freud ( 1856 – 1939 ), undertaking psychoanalytical interpretation of his dreams and making friends undergo Rorschach tests.

Embracing the Parisian avant-garde, Foucault entered into a romantic relationship with the composer Jean Barraqué ( 1928 – 1973 ), a prominent advocate of serialism.

In August 1953, Foucault and Barraqué went on a holiday to Italy, where the philosopher immersed himself in Untimely Meditations ( 1873 – 1876 ), a collection of four essays authored by the German philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche ( 1844 – 1900 ).

Taking an interest in literature, Foucault was an avid reader of the book reviews authored by the philosopher Maurice Blanchot ( 1907 – 2003 ), which were published in the Nouvelle Revue Française.

Interested in the work of Swiss psychologist Ludwig Binswanger ( 1881 – 1966 ), Foucault aided a young woman and family friend named Jacqueline Verdeaux in translating his works into French.

That same year Foucault also published his first book, Mental Illness and Personality ( Maladie mentale et personnalité ), in which he exhibited his influence from both Marxist and Heideggerian thought, covering a wide range of subject matter from the reflex psychology of Pavlov to the classic psychoanalysis of Freud.

While working in West Germany, Foucault had finally completed his doctoral thesis, Folie et déraison: Histoire de la folie à l ' âge classique ( Madness and Insanity: History of Madness in the Classical Age ), a philosophical work based upon his studies into the history of medicine.

" Foucault believed that when we include certain works in an author's career and exclude others that were written in a " different style ," or were " inferior " ( Foucault 1969, 111 ), we create a stylistic unity and a theoretical coherence.

Foucault directs his analysis toward the " statement " ( énoncé ), which is the rules that render an expression ( that is, a phrase, a proposition, or a speech act ) discursively meaningful.

In his work Foucault ( 1986 ), Deleuze describes The Archaeology of Knowledge as " the most decisive step yet taken in the theory-practice of multiplicities.

The widespread adoption of these authorization-based security strategies ( where the default state is DEFAULT = DENY ) for counterterrorism, anti-fraud, and other purposes is helping accelerate the ongoing transformation of modern societies from a notional Beccarian model of criminal justice based on accountability for deviant actions after they occur, see Cesare Beccaria, On Crimes and Punishment ( 1764 ), to a Foucauldian model based on authorization, preemption, and general social compliance through ubiquitous preventative surveillance and control through system constraints, see Michel Foucault, Discipline and Punish ( 1975, Alan Sheridan, tr., 1977, 1995 ).

The notion that biological psychiatry is a real science or a genuine branch of medicine has been challenged by other critics as well, such as Michel Foucault in Madness and Civilization ( 1961 ), and Erving Goffman in Asylums ( 1961 ).

In The Birth of the Clinic: An Archeology of Medical Perception ( 1963 ), Foucault extended his critique to institutional clinical medicine, arguing for the central conceptual metaphor of " The Gaze ", which had implications for medical education, prison design, and the carceral state as understood today.

* Jean Foucault ( 1819 – 1868 ), scientist

Parabolic mirror showing Foucault shadow patterns made by knife edge inside radius of curvature R ( red X ), at R and outside R.

Expanding upon Foucault's position, Alexander Nehamas writes that Foucault suggests " an author [...] is whoever can be understood to have produced a particular text as we interpret it ", not necessarily who penned the text.

Michel Foucault's book The Order of Things examined the history of science to study how structures of epistemology, or episteme, shaped the way in which people imagined knowledge and knowing ( though Foucault would later explicitly deny affiliation with the structuralist movement ).

Foucault's relation to Heidegger is a matter of considerable difficulty ; Foucault acknowledged Heidegger as a philosopher whom he read but never wrote about.

It was in this stage of his life that Foucault met the young philosopher Daniel Defert ( 1937 –), and they would enter into a non-monogamous relationship that would last for the rest of Foucault's life.

The more common attempts to bracket out Foucault's writings on Iran as " miscalculations ," reminds some authors of what Foucault himself had criticized in his well known 1969 essay, " What is an Author?

In the philosopher's later years, interpreters of Foucault's work attempted to engage with the problems presented by the fact that the late Foucault seemed in tension with the philosopher's earlier work.

The volume was almost complete before Foucault's death and a copy of it is privately held in the Foucault archive.

* Merquior, J. G. Foucault, University of California Press, 1987 ( A critical view of Foucault's work )

* Umberto Eco – Foucault's Pendulum ( Il pendolo di Foucault )

The novel Foucault's Pendulum by Umberto Eco deals greatly with this establishment, as the Foucault pendulum hung in the museum plays a great role in the storyline.

The volume was almost complete before Foucault's death and a copy of it is privately held in the Foucault archive.

His book The Body and Society ( 1988 ) offered an innovative approach to the study of early Christian practices, showing the influence of Pierre Hadot and Michel Foucault's work on the history of sexuality, though Brown's earlier work had been acknowledged by Foucault as a major influence on his work on Ancient themes.

Daniel Defert met Foucault while he was a philosophy student at the University of Clermont-Ferrand in France and their relationship lasted from 1963 until Foucault's death in 1984.

He also co-edited with François Ewald volume 4 of Dits et Ecrits of Michel Foucault ( 1994 ), a posthumous collection of Foucault's thought.

The notion of governmentality ( not to confuse with governance ) gained attention in the English-speaking academic world mainly through the edited book The Foucault Effect ( 1991 ), which contained a series of essays on the notion of governmentality, together with a translation of Foucault's 1978 short text on " gouvernementalité ".

Foucault first used the term in his lecture courses at the Collège de France, but the term first appeared in print in The Will To Knowledge, Foucault's first volume of The History of Sexuality.

In his lecture course Society Must Be Defended, Foucault's tentative sojourner into biopolitical state racism, and its ' brilliant ' accomplished rationale of myth-making and narrative in which Foucault states the fundamental difference between biopolitics and discipline is :" Where discipline is the technology deployed to make individuals behave, to be efficient and productive workers, biopolitics is deployed to manage population ; for example, to ensure a healthy workforce ".

Foucault then takes on the concept into a different direction by positioning it between biological processes, the control of human populations through political means ; government, management and Social organization ; through work, the labor force and the ruthless efficiency of the organization of money through the International monetary systems of whole human populations ( bio ) and politics ( polis ), this is essentially Foucault's meaning of biopolitics ; human biology and its amalgamation with politics.

Foucault then briefly touches on B F Skinner ; ( the founder of radical behaviorism ), and Robert Castel but unfortunately it is very brief however, in Foucault's defence, he himself does admit ' there is little literature ' available in France on these techniques, however, to be critical, Foucault did belong to the most prestigious academic institutions in Europe ( Collège de France ) with unprecedented access to many journals in France and it would be unlikely that they would be unavailable to him.

For Foucault the work on this is unfinished business but however, it is pivotal to Foucault's understanding of how it was possible in the past of ancient society and now modern society how they were able ( both ancient and modern ) to produce docile populations through the government of souls to the government of men politically, he gives an outline of just what he was able to come with in his research.

In Foucault own words this very aspect of Foucault's own work is still a work in progress, and is not a finalised research.

( 1985 ) Chapter 8: Foucault's ' cratology ': his theory of power, in Foucault, Fontana London: Modern Masters Series, 1985, p. 198-118.