Philosophers and theologians more commonly use phrases like " perfectly good ", or simply the term " benevolence ".

His book titled The Incoherence of the Philosophers marks a major turn in Islamic epistemology, as Ghazali effectively discovered philosophical skepticism that would not be commonly seen in the West until René Descartes, George Berkeley and David Hume.

The group at this time is sometimes referred to as the " Lunar circle ", though this is a later description used by historians, and the group themselves used a variety of less specific descriptions, including " Birmingham Philosophers " or simply " fellow-schemers ".

Often referred to today in France simply as BHL, he was one of the leaders of the " Nouveaux Philosophes " ( New Philosophers ) movement in 1976.

Philosophers associated with empiricism include Aristotle, Alhazen, Avicenna, Ibn Tufail, Robert Grosseteste, William of Ockham, Francis Bacon, Thomas Hobbes, Robert Boyle, John Locke, George Berkeley, David Hume, Leopold von Ranke, John Stuart Mill, and Karl Popper.

Philosophers who have criticized the concept of human rights include Jeremy Bentham, Edmund Burke, Friedrich Nietzsche and Karl Marx.

Philosophers and psychologists interested in the nature of the gaffe include Freud and Gilles Deleuze.

Philosophers in modern-day Israel in the rationalist tradition include David Hartman and Moshe Halbertal.

Philosophers of the late 20th century who have written significant works on the subject of dignity include Mortimer Adler and Alan Gewirth.

Philosophers working in the intersection of Thomism and analytic philosophy include: David Braine, Brian Davies OP ( Fordham ), Gabriele De Anna ( Udine ), John Finnis ( Oxford ), Peter Geach, John Haldane ( St Andrews ), Jonathan Jacobs ( Colgate ), Anthony Kenny ( Oxford ), Fergus Kerr OP ( Oxford ), Gyula Klima ( Fordham ), Norman Kretzmann, John Lamont, Anthony J. Lisska ( Denison ), Alasdair MacIntyre ( Notre Dame ), Bruce D. Marshall ( Southern Methodist Univ ), William Marshner ( Christendom ), Christopher Martin ( St Thomas, Houston ), Cyrille Michon ( Nantes, France ), Mark Murphy ( Georgetown ), Herbert McCabe, John P. O ' Callaghan ( Notre Dame ), Claude Panaccio ( UQAM ), Robert Pasnau ( CU Boulder ), Craig Paterson ( Independent Scholar ), Roger Pouivet ( Nancy, France ) Matthew S. Pugh ( Providence College ), Eleonore Stump ( Saint Louis ), Thomas Sullivan and Sandra Menssen ( University of St. Thomas, MN ), Stephen Theron, Denys Turner ( Yale ), Michael Thompson ( Pittsburgh ).

Philosophers, scientists, and educators that have proposed theories of spiritual evolution include Schelling, Hegel, Max Théon, Helena Petrovna Blavatsky, Henri Bergson, Rudolf Steiner, Sri Aurobindo, Jean Gebser, Pierre Teilhard de Chardin, Owen Barfield, Arthur M. Young, Edward Haskell, E. F. Schumacher, Erich Jantsch, Clare W. Graves, Alfred North Whitehead, Terence McKenna, P. R.

Philosophers such as Gareth Evans have insisted that the theory's account of the dubbing process needs to be broadened to include what are called ' multiple groundings '.

His more important works include Critical Philosophy of Kant ( 1877 ), Hegel ( 1883 ), Evolution of Religion, Social Philosophy and Religion of Comte ( 1885 ), and Evolution of Theology in the Greek Philosophers ( 1904 ).

Examples include the Azoth of the Philosophers of Basil Valentine and the Hieroglyphic Monad of Dr. John Dee.

His other works include Sartre and the Sacred ( 1974 ), Enchantments: Religion and the Power of the Word ( 1989 ), Merton: Mystic at the Center of America ( 1992 ) and Jung's Four and Some Philosophers ( 1999 ).

Philosophers and theologians influenced by him include his successor, Pope Benedict XVI, Jürgen Habermas, John Haas, Andrew Greeley, Rocco Buttiglione, Hans Köchler, George Weigel, Scott Hahn, Mary Beth Bonacci, Deirdre McQuade, Antoinette Bosco, Hans Küng, Yves Congar, Avery Dulles, John J. Myers, Raymond Leo Burke, Joseph Bernardin, Francis George, Timothy Dolan, Edward Egan, John O ' Connor, Fabian Bruskewitz, Christoph Schönborn, Stanisław Dziwisz, Franciszek Macharski, Józef Glemp, Peter Hans Kolvenbach, Paolo Dezza, Pedro Arrupe, Óscar Romero, Mother Teresa, Walter Kasper, Michael Fitzgerald, Jean-Marie Lustiger, André Vingt-Trois, Jarosław Gowin, Christopher West and Elio Sgreccia.

Some editions of the Moralia include several works now known to be pseudepigrapha: among these are the Lives of the Ten Orators ( biographies of the Ten Orators of ancient Athens, based on Caecilius of Calacte ), The Doctrines of the Philosophers, and On Music.

Philosophers within the camp of the Hegelian right include:

Philosophers who Vattimo exemplifies as a part of this back and forth movement are French philosophers Deleuze, Foucault and Derrida.

A number of young Maoists abandoned their beliefs to become the so-called New Philosophers, often citing Foucault as their major influence, a status Foucault had mixed feelings about.

Jean Jacques Rousseau, Volume 3: Critical Assessments of Leading Political Philosophers.

* Jean-Claude Vuillemin, " Jean Desmarets de Saint Sorlin ,", in L. Foisneau, ed., Dictionary of Seventeenth-Century French Philosophers, 2 vols.

Philosophers and authors interested in the nature of love, which may not have been mentioned in this article are Jane Austen, Stendhal, Schopenhauer, George Meredith, Proust, D. H. Lawrence, Freud, Sartre, de Beauvoir, Hemingway, Henry Miller, Deleuze, Alan Soble and Ayn Rand.

Philosophers are in the business of investigating all sorts of those areas of ignorance.

Philosophers know all too well, from dealing with for example the problem of substance and the problem of universals, that general " What is " questions ( ti esti questions ) give an overly simple appearance to what is in fact a very complex affair.

In notes dating from 1525 to 1543 he identifies twelve paintings and one drawing as by Giorgione, of which five of the paintings are identified virtually unanimously with surviving works by art historians: The Tempest, The Three Philosophers, Sleeping Venus, Boy with an Arrow, and Shepherd with a Flute ( not all accept the last as by Giorgione however ).

For example, Arthur Schopenhauer, generally held to be one of the Continental Philosophers, wrote of Hegel's philosophy as “ a pseudo-philosophy paralyzing all mental powers, stifling all real thinking ”.

: The first is formed by the collective body of the Philosophers, which in point of number is inferior to the other classes, but in point of dignity preeminent over all.

Philosophers often link concept of optimism with the name of Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, who held that we live in the best of all possible worlds, or that God created a physical universe that applies the laws of physics, which Voltaire famously mocked in his satirical novel Candide.

Philosophers such as Mary Midgley strongly criticize all forms of reductionism — of which eliminative materialism is an extreme form — as unjustified imperialism that tries to annex one subject into another with poor evidence.

Written in 1953, Worldly Philosophers has sold nearly four million copies -— the second-best-selling economics text of all time ( the first being Paul Samuelson's Economics, a highly popular university textbook ).

Bickerstaff counter-argues Partridge's letter of proclamation disputing, “ They were sure no man alive ever to writ such damned stuff as this .” He goes on to sarcastically reason that “ death is defined by all Philosophers a separation of the soul and body.

Philosophers took all the things that they considered good, Power, Love, Knowledge and Size, and posited that God was " infinite " in all these respects.

Jaskinia filozofów ( Cave of Philosophers ), probably the most valued among all Herbert ’ s dramas, and Rekonstrukcja poety ( The Reconstruction of the Poet ) refer to antiquity.

Philosophers in moral theory and rhetoric had taken defeasibility largely for granted when American epistemologists rediscovered Wittgenstein's thinking on the subject: John Ladd, Roderick Chisholm, Roderick Firth, Ernest Sosa, Robert Nozick, and John L. Pollock all began writing with new conviction about how appearance as red was only a defeasible reason for believing something to be red.

Philosophers of science began to pay increasing attention to developments in biology, from the rise of the Modern synthesis in the 1930s and 1940s to the discovery of the structure of Deoxyribonucleic acid ( DNA ) in 1953 to more recent advances in genetic engineering.

Wright confirmed to be starring in The Philosophers, an American production which began filming July 2011 in Jakarta, Indonesia.

Philosophers of science then began paying increasing attention to biology, from the rise of Neodarwinism in the 1930s and 1940s to the discovery of the structure of DNA in 1953 to more recent advances in genetic engineering.

In the spring term of 1993 he conducted the first Russia Symposium from which others sponsored by the Society of Christian Philosophers ( SCP ) have followed, and he began the China Symposia in the fall term of 1994 from which SCP symposia have followed every year since ( except 2003 ).

Philosophers and physicians more and more began to reject swaddling in the 18th century.

Philosophers and non-philosophers differ in their intuitions about what consciousness is.

Philosophers such as Confucius, Mencius, and Mozi, focused on political unity and political stability as the basis of their political philosophies.

Philosophers such as Pierre Duhem and Gaston Bachelard also wrote their works with this world-historical approach to science.

Philosophers tend to motivate various conceptual analyses by appeal to their intuitions about thought experiments.

( Philosophers might also supplement their thought experiments with theoretical reasoning designed to support the desired intuitive response.

Philosophers have tended to be more abstract in their analysis, and much of the work examining the viability of the belief concept stems from philosophical analysis.

Philosophers may use author-surrogates to express their personal positions, especially if these are unpopular or run counter to established views.

( 1 ) Various Countries of the World bringing in their Offerings to the Exhibition of 1851 ; ( 2 ) Music ; ( 3 ) Sculpture ; ( 4 ) Painting ; ( 5 ) Princes, Art Patrons and Artists ; ( 6 ) Workers in Stone ; ( 7 ) Workers in Wood and Brick ; ( 8 ) Architecture ; ( 9 ) The Infancy of the Arts and Sciences ; ( 10 ) Agriculture ; ( 11 ) Horticulture and Land Surveying ; ( 12 ) Astronomy and Navigation ; ( 13 ) A Group of Philosophers, Sages and Students ; ( 14 ) Engineering ; ( 15 ) The Mechanical Powers ; and ( 16 ) Pottery and Glassmaking.

Philosophers can eat if neither of their neighbors are eating.

* Philosophers Friedrich Nietzsche, Paul Rée and their mutual friend Lou Andreas-Salomé lived in an " academic commune " around 1882.

Philosophers were less concerned with such mathematical calculations than with the nature of the celestial spheres, their relation to revealed accounts of created nature, and the causes of their motion.

Philosophers who worry about ceteris paribus analyses do not worry about this sort ; their worries are focused on ceteris paribus clauses that are not even eliminable in principle.

On 16 December, the appearance of an illuminating sun disc on the wording of the Cenotaph stone, transform their meaning as per the Philosophers Stone of the alchemists.

Professional Philosophers therefore must either provide more detail regarding their views or accept that their views are simply ethnocentric.

Philosophers such as Plato and Aristotle also act as doxographers, as their comments on the ideas of their predecessors indirectly tell us what their predecessors ' beliefs were.

In fact, the attacks directed against the philosophers by Gazzali in his work, " TuḦfat al-Falasafa " ( The Destruction of the Philosophers ), not only produced, by reaction, a current favorable to philosophy, but induced the philosophers themselves to profit by his criticism, they thereafter making their theories clearer and their logic closer.

The " love of God " and " fear of God " receive different interpretations across the historic texts of Judaism, from their different appellations in the Song of Songs, through the Talmud, Medieval Jewish Philosophers, Musar literature and the Kabbalah.