To help the Freedmen the church set up the Freedmen ’ s Aid Society focused on creating an educational system for former slaves.

Within three months of its organization, the Freedmen ’ s Aid Society had begun work in the South.

Life in Canada wasn ’ t free from the bigotry that Freedmen and women experienced in the Northern Eastern United States.

It was the job of the Freedmen ’ s Bureau to help house, feed, clothe, educate and provide medical care to newly freed slaves in the South after the Civil War.

In 1865 Lydia Maria Child presented pages of Harriet Jacobs ' narrative in The Freedmen ’ s Book.

Perhaps the best known of these institutions is Howard University, founded in Washington, D. C., in 1867, with the aid of the Freedmen ’ s Bureau.

It was named for the commissioner of the Freedmen ’ s Bureau, General Oliver Otis Howard.

Soon after, in 1867, these schools consolidated to form the Howard School following the vision of the Freedmen ’ s Bureau chief General Oliver O. Howard who erected a building on a tract of land generously donated by seven prominent African-American men – Matthew N. Leary, Andrew J. Chestnutt, Robert Simmons, George Grainger, Thomas Lomax, Nelson Carter, and David A. Bryant – who together paid $ 136 for two lots on Gillespie Street in Fayetteville and formed among themselves a self-perpetuating Board of Trustees to maintain the property for the education of local black youth.

She was also a member of the National Freemen ’ s Relief Association of the District of Columbia and was an active supporter of the Freedmen ’ s Bureau bill.

Years later, she was again rehired by the Freedmen ’ s Bureau but her relationship with them was strained.

As early as 1866 the need for missionary activities among the freedmen was mentioned prominently in The First Annual Report of the General Assembly ’ s Committee on Freedmen of the Presbyterian Church in the United States of America.

Burton ( 2008 ) argues that Lincoln's republicanism was taken up by the Freedmen as they were emancipated.

Johnson's reconstruction policies failed to promote the rights of the Freedmen ( newly freed slaves ), and he came under vigorous political attack from Republicans, ending in his impeachment by the U. S. House of Representatives ; he was acquitted by the U. S. Senate.

Reconstruction was a remarkable chapter in the story of American freedom, but most historians consider it a failure because the region became a poverty-stricken backwater and whites re-established their supremacy, making the Freedmen second-class citizens by the turn of the century.

This area was settled by Creek Freedmen, whose ancestors had been held as slaves of the Creek at the time of Indian Removal in the 1830s.

) Creek Freedmen set up independent townships, of which Boley was one.

Property owned by the Barnett family, among other Creek Freedmen, was midway between Paden and Castle, and ideal for a station stop.

An academic lawyer and a powerful orator, Sumner was the leader of the antislavery forces in Massachusetts and a leader of the Radical Republicans in the United States Senate during the American Civil War and Reconstruction, working to control the ex-Confederates and guarantee equal rights to the Freedmen.

From May 1865 to July 1874, General Howard was commissioner of the Freedmen's Bureau ( the Army's Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands ), where he played a major role in the Reconstruction era, and had charge of integrating freedman ( freed slaves ) into American society.

They chose to simply boycott the elections on the grounds that the new constitution was illegal, because it disenfranchised them while giving suffrage to the Freedmen, whom they perceived as an inferior race.

They also alienated the Freedmen who were now the largest block of voters in the state, by adopting resolutions against them: their first resolution of the convention was " Resolved, that we are in favor of a White Man's Government in a White Man's country.

They demanded harsher measures in the South, and more protection for the Freedmen, and more guarantees that the Confederate nationalism was totally eliminated.

In May 1866 Louisa Matilda Jacobs wrote a letter that was quoted in The Fifth Report of New York Yearly Meeting of Friends on the Conditions and Wants of Freedmen.

The Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands, usually referred to as simply the Freedmen's Bureau, was a U. S. federal government agency that aided distressed freedmen ( freed slaves ) in 1865 – 1869, during the Reconstruction era of the United States.

Reconstruction was a period of military occupation and biracial Radical republican rule that attempted to bring about equal rights to the freed slaves ( Freedmen ) and institute economic initiatives.

While serving as both an active duty Army Major and as a disbursing officer of the Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands for the State of Kentucky in 1870, he was placed on the retired list as Major, but continued as a disbursing officer, until he was arrested for trial before a court-martial for financial irregularities on the part of his sub-agents for " alleged failures to pay, or to pay in full ".

Jesup was treasurer of the John F. Slater Fund for the Education of Freedmen at its beginning.

" was invited to go South for several months to look to the needs of Freedmen.

* Morris, Robert C. Reading, ' Riting, and Reconstruction: The Education of Freedmen in the South, 1861 – 1870 ( 1981 ).

Emma Willard and Mary Lyon pioneered in the higher education of women, while Yankees comprised most of the reformers who went South during Reconstruction in the late 1860s to educate the Freedmen.

In some instances it would also attempt to aid Freedmen, as the emancipated slaves were then called, locate and reunite with relatives who had either fled north or who had been sold away during slavery.

Radicals strongly opposed slavery during the war and after the war distrusted ex-Confederates, demanding harsh policies for the former rebels, and emphasizing civil rights and voting rights for Freedmen ( recently freed slaves ).

A recent biographer characterizes him as, " The Great Commoner, savior of free public education in Pennsylvania, national Republican leader in the struggles against slavery in the United States and intrepid mainstay of the attempt to secure racial justice for the Freedmen during Reconstruction, the only member of the House of Representatives ever to have been known as the ' dictator ' of Congress.

After the American Civil War during the Reconstruction Era of the United States 1863 to 1869, Presidents Abraham Lincoln and Andrew Johnson undertook policies designed to bring the South back to normal as soon as possible, while the Radical Republicans used Congress to block the president, impose harsh terms, and upgrade the rights of the Freedmen ( the ex-slaves ).

In both the book and the movie, the Ku Klux Klan is portrayed as continuing the noble traditions of the South and the CSA soldier by defending Southern culture in general and Southern womanhood in particular against alleged depredations and exploitation at the hands of the Freedmen and Yankee carpetbaggers during Reconstruction.

The modern Cherokee Nation, in the early 1980s, excluded them from citizenship, unless individuals can prove descent from a Cherokee Native American ( not Cherokee Freedmen ) listed on the Dawes Rolls.

In the late stages of the war, the Department took charge of refugees and freedmen ( freed slaves ) in the American South through the Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen and Abandoned Lands.

* He also expanded the offices of the Imperial Administration beyond the imperial pool of Freedmen allowing those of the Equites to take up positions in the Imperial Civil service.

Two are called " Freedmen Bands " ( also " Black Seminoles ") because they descended in part from escaped slaves who were freed after the Civil War.

Many Freedmen ( slaves of Indians who were freed after the Civil War ), were kept off the rolls as members of tribes, although they were emancipated after the war and, according to peace treaties with the United States, to be given full membership in the appropriate tribes in which they were held.

Grant wanted to annex the Dominican Republic by treaty to allow new economic opportunities for Freedmen, and to force Brazil to abandon slavery.

Meanwhile, they gave the Freedmen new constitutional and federal legal protections, most of which were lost after conservative white southerners regained control of all Southern states by 1877.

Marriage certificate issued by the Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen and Abandoned Lands, Wilson County, Tennessee, 1866

In the South Black Freedmen and White Southerners with Republican sympathies joined forces with Northerners who had moved south ( called " Carpetbaggers " by their southern opponents ) to implement the policies of the Republican party.

Mankiller established the law that limited tribal membership by excluding the Freedmen section of Cherokee Indians listed on the Dawes Rolls, generating the later Cherokee freedmen controversy.

The Dawes Rolls ( or Final Rolls of Citizens and Freedmen of the Five Civilized Tribes, or Dawes Commission of Final Rolls ) were created by the Dawes Commission.

In this case the Synagogue of the Libertines is the assembly of the Freedmen from Rome, descendants of the Jews enslaved by Pompey after his conquest of Judaea 63 BC.

Similarly, in 2000, the Seminole Nation of Oklahoma's attempted to exclude two bands of Seminole Freedmen from membership to avoid including them in settlement of land claims in Florida, where Seminole Freedmen had also owned land taken by the US government.

A Republican legislature supported by Freedmen, northern Carpetbaggers and white Southern Scalawags created and funded a public school system, and created social welfare institutions.

" Seminole Freedmen rebuffed by Supreme Court ", June 29, 2004.