Francois Boucher was the 18th century painter and engraver whose works are regarded as the perfect expression of French taste in the Rococo period.

Physiocracy was a French agrarianist philosophy that originated in the 18th century.

* Physiocrats, 18th century French thinkers

Late 18th century French revolutionary " decimal " clockface.

Lavoisier's devotion and passion for chemistry were largely influenced by Étienne Condillac, a prominent French scholar of the 18th century.

Supported by the prestige of being the only general who had proved capable of defeating the French, he promptly initiated a far-reaching scheme of reform, which replaced the obsolete methods of the 18th century.

French Beaded Flowers were being made as early as the 16th century, and lampwork glass was invented in the 18th century.

The Boer nation is mainly descended from Dutch, German and French Huguenots, who migrated to South Africa during the 17th, 18th and early 19th centuries.

However, restrictive Spanish trade laws made it difficult for Cubans to keep up with the 17th and 18th century advances in processing sugar cane pioneered in British Barbados and French Saint Domingue ( Haiti ).

Cretin became a medical term in the 18th century, from an Alpine French dialect prevalent in a region where persons with such a condition were especially common ( see below ); it saw wide medical use in the 19th and early 20th centuries, and then spread more widely in popular English as a markedly derogatory term for a person who behaves stupidly.

The technical knowledge of making hydraulic cement was later formalized by French and British engineers in the 18th century.

Chardin's work had little in common with the Rococo painting that dominated French art in the 18th century.

More French settlers, primarily from the Vienne, Normandie, and Brittany regions of France, continued to populate the colony of Acadia during the latter part of the 17th and early part of the 18th centuries.

Dominica was officially neutral for the next century, but the attraction of its resources remained ; rival expeditions of English and French foresters were harvesting timber by the start of the 18th century.

Others believe it was a cross from a miniature French pointer and a pinscher ; others claim that is was developed from the St. Hubert Hound, also a bloodhound, in the 18th century, and still others believe that they were descended from Basset Hounds, based upon their scent abilities and general appearance.

Pseudodoxia Epidemica found itself upon the bookshelves of many educated European readers for throughout the late 17th century and early 18th century it was translated, for many years it was not thought compatible with the French and Dutcheze, into the French, Dutch and German languages as well as Latin.

By the mid — 18th century the French chemist Charles François de Cisternay du Fay had discovered two types of static electricity, and that like charges repel each other whilst unlike charges attract.

There was also trade in cow hides from the wild descendants of cattle introduced by French settlers in the late 18th century.

Under Louis XIV France achieved military supremacy over its rivals, but escalating conflicts against increasingly powerful enemy coalitions checked French ambitions and left the kingdom bankrupt at the opening of the 18th century.

French materialism is the name given to a handful of French 18th century philosophers during the Age of Enlightenment, many of them clustered around the salon of Baron d ' Holbach.

Prominent French materialists of the 18th century include:

Gérard has not produced the manuscript supporting this claim which, even if true, is unrelated to the later history of the French fry, as the potato did not arrive in the region until around 1735 ; also, given the economic conditions of the 18th century: " it is absolutely unthinkable that a peasant could have consecrated large quantities of fat for cooking potatoes.

Modern fencing originated in the 18th century, in the Italian school of fencing of the Renaissance, and, under their influence, was improved by the French school of fencing.

The discovery that movies are a form of fiction was made in the early years of this century and it was made chiefly by two men, a French magician, Georges Melies, and an American employee of Edison, Edwin S. Porter.

Émile Zola was a prominent French author of the 19th century.

A nineteenth century French art style and movement that originated as a reaction to the Baroque.

The Annales School () is a group of historians associated with a style of historiography developed by French historians in the 20th century.

According to a 16th century French poem, Dionysus, the god of intoxication, and of wine, was pursuing a maiden named Amethystos, who refused his affections.

By the middle of the 19th century, industrialisation swept away most of the city's medieval rules of production and commerce, although the entirely corrupt remains of the city's mediæval constitution was kept in place ( compare the famous remarks of Georg Forster in his Ansichten vom Niederrhein ) until 1801, when Aachen became the " chef-lieu du département de la Roer " in Napoléon's First French Empire.

André Weil (; 6 May 1906 – 6 August 1998 ) was an influential French mathematician of the 20th century, renowned for the breadth and quality of his research output, its influence on future work, and the elegance of his exposition.

French naval piece of the late 19th century

The English word " amputation " was first applied to surgery in the 17th century, possibly first in Peter Lowe's A discourse of the Whole Art of Chirurgerie ( published in either 1597 or 1612 ); his work was derived from 16th century French texts and early English writers also used the words " extirpation " ( 16th century French texts tended to use extirper ), " disarticulation ", and " dismemberment " ( from the Old French desmembrer and a more common term before the 17th century for limb loss or removal ), or simply " cutting ", but by the end of the 17th century " amputation " had come to dominate as the accepted medical term.

* 1798 – Jules Michelet, French historian ( d. 1874 )

After the indecisive < ref name =" British historian Townsend Miller "> British historian Townsend Miller: “ But, if the outcome of < nowiki > battle of </ nowiki > Toro, militarily, is debatable, there is no doubt whatsoever as to its enormous psychological and political effects ” in The battle of Toro, 1476, in History Today, volume 14, 1964, p. 270 </ ref > Battle of Toro in 1476 against King Ferdinand II of Aragon, the husband of Isabella I of Castile, he went to France to obtain the assistance of Louis XI, but finding himself deceived by the French monarch, he returned to Portugal in 1477 in very low spirits.

* 2007 – René Rémond, French historian and political economist ( b. 1918 )

* 1719 – Philippe de la Hire, French mathematician and historian ( b. 1640 )

Although he used the usual French terms " avant J .- C ." ( before Jesus Christ ) and " après J .- C ." ( after Jesus Christ ) to label years elsewhere in his book, the Byzantine historian Venance Grumel used negative years ( identified by a minus sign, −) to label BC years and unsigned positive years to label AD years in a table, possibly to save space, without a year 0 between them.

In February 1705, Queen Anne, who had made Marlborough a Duke in 1702, granted him the Park of Woodstock and promised a sum of £ 240, 000 to build a suitable house as a gift from a grateful crown in recognition of his victory – a victory which British historian Sir Edward Shepherd Creasy considered one of the pivotal battles in history, writing – " Had it not been for Blenheim, all Europe might at this day suffer under the effect of French conquests resembling those of Alexander in extent and those of the Romans in durability.

The bikini is perhaps the most popular female beachwear around the globe, according to French fashion historian Olivier Saillard due to " the power of women, and not the power of fashion ".

In 1973, French dance historian Francine Lancelot ( 1929 – 2003 ) began her formal studies in ethnomusicology which later lead her to researching French traditional dance forms and eventually Renaissance and Baroque dances.

* 1640 – Claude Fleury, French historian ( d. 1723 )

* 1950 – Benjamin Stora, French historian

* 1660 – Pierre d ' Hozier, French historian ( b. 1592 )

* 1848 – Arthur Giry, French historian ( d. 1899 )

* 1714 – Louis-Georges de Bréquigny, French historian ( d. 1795 )

* 1723 – Louis-Pierre Anquetil, French historian ( d. 1808 )

After the collapse of the First Empire in 1815, the French public lost the rights and privileges earned since the Revolution, but they remembered the participatory politics that characterized the period, with one historian commenting: " Thousands of men and even many women gained firsthand experience in the political arena: they talked, read, and listened in new ways ; they voted ; they joined new organizations ; and they marched for their political goals.

One of Ganshof's contemporaries, the French historian Marc Bloch, was arguably the most influential 20th century medieval historian.

* 1874 – Jules Michelet, French historian ( b. 1798 )

French film historian John Raeburn, editor of Cahiers du cinéma, notes that that Capra's films were unknown in France, but there too his films underwent a fresh discovery by the public.

The Scottish historian Thomas Carlyle suggested somewhat more serious English names in his 1837 work The French Revolution: A History, namely Vintagearious, Fogarious, Frostarious, Snowous, Rainous, Windous, Buddal, Floweral, Meadowal, Reapidor, Heatidor, and Fruitidor.

For a time, the Spanish Empire dominated the oceans with its experienced navy and ruled the European battlefield with its fearsome and well trained infantry, the famous, in the words of the prominent French historian Pierre Vilar, " enacting the most extraordinary epic in human history ".

* 1592 – Pierre d ' Hozier, French historian ( d. 1660 )

* 1661 – Charles Rollin, French historian ( d. 1741 )