It was founded by four senior Labour Party ' moderates ', dubbed the ' Gang of Four ': Roy Jenkins, David Owen, Bill Rodgers and Shirley Williams.

Newspapers of the period reported that the announcement of the new party came as a complete shock to MPs from all sides of the Commons, including members of the Manifesto Group, as the ' Gang of Four ' had kept their preparations a closely guarded secret.

The founding members or ' Gang of Four ' were Roy Jenkins, David Owen, Bill Rodgers and Shirley Williams, all leading figures within the Labour Party, and all ' moderates '.

Democratic, Democratic Labour, and Radical were all mentioned as possible names for the new party, as well as New Labour ( which future Labour leader Tony Blair would use to promote the Labour Party more than a decade later ) but eventually Social Democratic was settled on because the ' Gang of Four ' consciously wanted to mould the philosophy and ideology of the new party on the Social Democracy practised on mainland Europe.

The Gang of Four were arrested and blamed for the excesses of the Cultural Revolution, marking the end of a turbulent political era in China.

* Gang of Four ( disambiguation )

Almost immediately after his election as leader he was faced with a serious crisis: the creation in early 1981 of a breakaway party by four senior Labour right-wingers, Roy Jenkins, Shirley Williams, David Owen and William Rodgers ( the so-called " Gang of Four "), the Social Democratic Party.

Former U. S. officials Henry Kissinger, George Shultz, Bill Perry, and Sam Nunn ( aka ' The Gang of Four ' on Nuclear Deterrence ).

* 1976 – New Premier Hua Guofeng orders the arrest of the Gang of Four and associates and ends the Cultural Revolution in the People's Republic of China.

During 1976 – 77, in the midst of the original UK punk movement, bands emerged such as Manchester's Joy Division, The Fall, and Magazine, Leeds ' Gang of Four, and London's The Raincoats that became central post-punk figures.

Others, like Gang of Four, The Raincoats and Throbbing Gristle, who had little more than cult followings at the time, are seen in retrospect as significant influences on modern popular culture.

Other artists they listened to included XTC, Gang of Four and Elvis Costello.

Three of the most prominent post-structuralists were first counted among the so-called " Gang of Four " of structuralism par excellence: Jacques Lacan, Roland Barthes, and Michel Foucault.

In 1981, dismayed with the Labour Party's continuing leftward drift, he was one of the " Gang of Four "-Labour moderates who formed the Social Democratic Party ( SDP ).

As one of the so-called " Gang of Four ", he was a founder of the Social Democratic Party ( SDP ) in January 1981 with David Owen, Bill Rodgers and Shirley Williams.

During the 1950s and 1960s, Shanghai became an industrial center and center for radical leftism ; the leftist Jiang Qing and her three cohorts, together the Gang of Four, were based in the city.

Although Mao himself officially declared the Cultural Revolution to have ended in 1969, the power struggles and political instability between 1969 and the arrest of the Gang of Four in 1976 are now also widely regarded as part of the Revolution.

* July 22 – The purged Chinese Communist leader Deng Xiaoping is restored to power 9 months after the " Gang of Four " was expelled from power in a coup d ' état.

** The Gang of Four trial begins in China.

Poems against the Gang of Four are also displayed, provoking a police crackdown.

** The Cultural Revolution in China concludes upon the capture of the Gang of Four.

Gorbachev grew to dislike Honecker, and by 1988 was lumping Honecker, along with Bulgaria's Todor Zhivkov, Czechoslovakia's Gustáv Husák and Romania's Nicolae Ceaușescu as a " Gang of Four "— a group of inflexible hardliners unwilling to make necessary reforms.

The authors are often referred to as the Gang of Four, or GoF.

" ( Gang of Four 1995: 18 )

" ( Gang of Four 1995: 20 )

By this time state media was effectively under the control of the Gang of Four.

The Federal Bureau of Investigation's 2011 National Gang Threat Assessment classifies Juggalos as a " loosely-organized hybrid gang " whose transient nature makes them difficult to monitor effectively, and stated that certain subsets of the subculture engage in criminal activity and violence.

Following Harding's sudden death of a heart attack in 1923, the Ohio Gang were effectively removed from the corridors of power by Harding's Vice President and successor, Calvin Coolidge.

If the Purple Gang frequently attacks the Capone Mob, then they will get more turns ( because, if the Capone Mob blocks and takes the next turn, then the Purple Gang gets the next turn ; the other four gangs are effectively skipped ).

Similarly, if the Purple Gang frequently blocks the Bank Robbers, then they will get more turns ( again, the other four gangs are effectively skipped ).

The war between the North and South Side gangs continued until the 1929 Saint Valentine's Day massacre, which effectively destroyed the North Side Gang.

Granach proved indispensable to big-studio filmmakers during the war years, effectively portraying both dedicated Nazis ( he was Julius Streicher in The Hitler Gang ) and loyal anti-fascists.

Hou remained formally deferential to Emperor Wu and Xiao Gang the Crown Prince, but meanwhile effectively put them under house arrest.

However, the St. Valentines Day Massacre effectively ends the five-year gang war between The Chicago Outfit and the North Side Gang.

Known as the St. Valentine's Day Massacre, the attack effectively ended the five year gang war between Al Capone and the North Side Gang, which presumably started some years ago, when one-time North Side Gang leader Dion O ' Bannion swindled Outfit founder Johnny Torrio in a deal for a Prohibition brewery O ' Banion knew would be raided.

At the turn of the century, the neighborhood was controlled by gangs, including the violent Gopher Gang led by the notorious Owney Madden.

With Weiss and George " Bugs " Moran, O ' Banion established the North Side Gang, a criminal organization that eventually controlled bootlegging and other illicit activities in the northern part of Chicago.

Drucci was soon invited to join the North Side Gang, a primarily Irish-American street gang that controlled the North Side of Chicago.

The greatest rival to the North Side Gang was the South Side Gang, a Sicilian-American gang under New York mobster Johnny Torrio that controlled the South Side of Chicago.

**** Note: This does not include distribution rights to most of the Hanna-Barbera and Ruby-Spears backlogs, which are controlled by Warner Bros. Entertainment Inc. ( any H-B or R-S shows that are controlled by CBS are from libraries of co-production companies that were later absorbed into what became CTS, an example being The Fonz and the Happy Days Gang, which CBS owns as part of the Happy Days franchise, originally by Paramount Television )

Canter is also a contributor to many open standards efforts and advocates for end-user controlled digital identities and content-being a co-founder of the " Identity Gang ", and a co-signer of the Social Web Users ' Bill of Rights.

Gradually the Mafia gangs took over the rackets and criminal activities formerly controlled by the Five Points Gang.

The gang controlled most of Manhattan from the late 1860s until the early 1890s, when the Monk Eastman Gang defeated the last of the Whyos.