Genoese is not a likely possibility as Corsican is attested before the presence of Genoa on Corsica, and the linguistic features of Corsican do not match well with those of Genoese.

Messina was most likely the harbour at which the Black Death entered Europe: the plague was brought by Genoese ships coming from Caffa in the Crimea.

For example, on a map dated about 1320 by the Genoese cartographer Giovanni di Carignano, who got his information about Africa from a fellow-countryman in Sijilmas trading city in North Africa, we find Gunuia, and in the Catalan atlas of 1375 as Ginyia.

Within two generations the family Malaspina exhausted the male descendants and Ricciarda Malaspina, granddaughter of Iacopo and last direct heir of the house, got married in 1520 with a Lorenzo Cybo, member of an influential Genoese family of principles related to the Medici and with Pope Innocent VIII.

Among these were Genoese officials stationed in various Mediterranean ports, whose role included helping Genoese merchants and sailors in difficulties with the local authorities.

Nowadays, people with Genoese / Italian last names represent about 20 % of the population.

The naval battle was won by Venice, and the Genoese were forced to abandon their quarter and flee to Tyre with Philip.

The Genoese, in trying to repel a Venetian fleet from destroying their ships in Golden Horn, bombarded the sea walls of Constantinople and pushed Byzantines to ally with Venetians.

The Venetians were allies of John VI, so Orhan sent an auxiliary force across the straits to Galata, which there co-operated with the Genoese.

In 1113 Pisa and the Pope Paschal II set up, together with the count of Barcelona and other contingents from Provence and Italy ( Genoese excluded ), a war to free the Balearic Islands from the Moors: the queen and the king of Majorca were brought in chains to Tuscany.

Pisa's trade with the Languedoc and Provence ( Noli, Savona, Fréjus and Montpellier ) were an obstacle to the Genoese interests in cities like Hyères, Fos, Antibes and Marseille.

To counter the Genoese predominance in the southern Tyrrhenian Sea, Pisa strengthened its relationship with their Spanish and French traditional bases ( Marseille, Narbonne, Barcelona, etc.

This defeat ended the maritime power of Pisa and the town never fully recovered: in 1290 the Genoese destroyed forever the Porto Pisano ( Pisa's Port ), and covered the land with salt.

** Peter Paul Rubens begins work on his famous classical tapestries, when a contract is signed in Antwerp with cloth dyers Jan Raes and Frans Sweerts in Brussels, and the rich Genoese merchant Franco Cattaneo.

In 1828 – 29 he collaborated with a Genoese newspaper, L ' indicatore genovese, which was however soon closed by the Piedmontese authorities.

In October, Genoese ships arrived in southern Italy with the Black Plague, beginning the spread of the disease in the region.

He contracted, on the advice of his friends, a second marriage with Catharina del Piano, a Genoese widow, in order to have a helpmate in his declining years.

In conjunction with the fair, Chicago's Italian-American community raised funds and donated the statue of the Genoese navigator and explorer, Christopher Columbus ( Grant Park ).

By 1371, factional divisions between the feudal landlords and the spread of Bogomilism had caused the Second Bulgarian Empire to split into three small tsardoms — Vidin, Tarnovo and Karvuna — and several semi-independent principalities that fought among themselves, and also with Byzantines, Hungarians, Serbs, Venetians and Genoese.

He encouraged maritime trade by negotiating a commercial treaty with England ( 1294 ) and forming a royal navy ( 1317 ) under the command of a Genoese admiral named Emanuele Pessagno ( Manuel Pessanha ).

Despite the split, Naples grew in importance, attracting Pisan and Genoese merchants, Tuscan bankers, and with them some of the most championed Renaissance artists of the time, such as Boccaccio, Petrarch and Giotto.

In 1284 the Pisans were defeated by the Genoese fleet at the Battle of Meloria, and the city was able to free itself: it became the first and only early independendant renaissance city-state of Sardinia, with statutes of its own, allied to Genoa ; the Genoese were pleased to see it thus withdrawn from Pisan control.

Nowadays, the city center is mainly composed of the " citadelle ", the stronghold, also called Terra-Nova, with the Genoese Governors ' Palace, the old port and its popular quarter and the market plaza, and finally the ensemble of buildings along the " Boulevard Paoli ", the main commercial street of the city, which lies from the Justice Court to the Avenue Maréchal Sebastiani.

In March 1745 a secret treaty allied the Genoese Republic with France, Spain and Naples.

With the help of the Genoese merchants, the commune recaptured Beirut.

* August 12 – With the help of the Genoese, Byzantine co-emperor Andronicus IV Palaeologus invades Constantinople and dethrones his father, John V Palaeologus, as co-emperor.

During the wars led by Emperor Frederick II in northern Italy, the city chose his side: Asti was defeated by the Guelphs of Alessandria at Quattordio and Clamandrana, but thanks to Genoese help, it recovered easily.

In 1200, with the help of Genoese ships, he landed in Sicily and one year later seized the young Frederick.

In 1110 Beirut was added to the territory of Jerusalem, again with help from the Genoese.

In December 1148, he captured Tortosa after a five-month siege with the help of Southern French, Anglo-Normans and Genoese crusaders.

He asked from help from the forces in Europe, but it did not arrive: the Genoese were his enemies, and the Venetians and others did not want to destroy commercial relations with the sultan.

At first he went to Rhodes, where he found no help and he was arrested by Genoese and went in Genoa as a captive with his wife.

Under Raymond's command they captured Tortosa ( Tartous ), with help from a Genoese fleet.

However, the firm opposition of King Alfonso II of Aragon ( Richeza's future son-in-law ) soon cancelled both betrothals, and with the help of the Genoese, began a war against Raymond V that lasted eight years.

Naples, which was held by Alfonso's brother, Pedro de Aragon, was besieged in 1424 by the Genoese ships and Joan's troops, now led by Francesco Sforza, son of Muzio ( who had died at L ' Aquila ).

The Genoa Group of Eight Summit protest from July 18 to July 22, 2001 was one of the bloodiest protests in Western Europe's recent history, as evidenced by the wounding of hundreds of policemen and civilians forced to lock themselves inside of their homes and the death of a young Genoese anarchist named Carlo Giuliani — who was shot in the face while trying to throw a fire extinguisher on a police car — during two days of violence and rioting by fringe groups supported by the nonchalance of more consistent and peaceful masses of protesters, and the hospitalisation of several of those peaceful demonstrators just mentioned.

John of Arsuf, John of Jaffa, John II of Beirut, the Templars, and the Teutonic Knights supported the Venetians, who also convinced the Pisans to join them, while the Hospitallers supported the Genoese.

They blockaded the Genoese quarter, but the Genoese were supplied by the Hospitallers, whose complex was nearby, and by Philip of Montfort who sent food from Tyre.

The war also spread to Tripoli and Antioch, where the Embriaco family, descended from Genoese crusaders, were pitted against Bohemond VI of Antioch, who supported the Venetians.

Mustafa took refuge in the city of Gallipoli but the sultan, who was greatly aided by a Genoese commander named Adorno, besieged him there and stormed the place.

The Genoese rent a part of their fleet to the rebels who successfully resist the forces of the caliph.

In the meantime, Gregory had been succeeded by Pope Innocent V, who arranged a peace between Charles and the Genoese.

During the break-up of the Later Byzantine Empire it was occupied by Genoese privateers ( 1197 – 1207 ) who in turn were expelled by the Venetians.

Tolerance was extended to non-Muslims such as Christians, and Jews, who occupied high levels in government based on ability, and tolerance was set into place to ensure the flow of money from all those who were non-Muslims too in order to finance the Fatimids Caliphs ' large army of Mamluks brought in from Circassia by Genoese merchants.

This episode in the city's history is mainly remembered for the Genoese revolt, precipitated by a boy named Giovan Battista Perasso and nicknamed Balilla, who threw a stone at an Austrian official and became a national hero to later generations of Genoese ( and Italians in general ).

In 1584, the governor of Genua, who dominated Corsica, ordered to all farmers and landowners to plant four trees yearly, among which a chestnut tree – plus olive, fig and mulberry trees ( this assumedly lasted until the end of Genoese rule over Corsica in 1729 ).

This assassination was presumably on the instigation of Genoese merchants, who were conspiring to keep their own position of influence and power.

The Genoese authorities were impressed by the little band, and they offered citizenship to those who wished to settle in their city.

The cause was apparently Toqta's displeasure at the Genoese trade in his subjects who were mostly sold for soldiers to Egypt.

Partly this was because in 1627 Olivares had attempted to deal with the problem of Philip's Genoese bankers — who had proved uncooperative in recent years — by declaring a state bankruptcy.

The Genoese flag was adopted from the personal flag of St. Ambrose, the 4th century Bishop of Milan who was a key figure in the development of Christianity in the West.

The Genoese Barbavera advised his colleagues to go to sea, but Nicolas Béhuchet, who as Constable exercised the general command, refused to leave the anchorage.

There he was assassinated in Caffa ( Crimea ) by the Genoese, who could not forgive the total waste of a military unit of Genoese crossbowmen who were slaughtered by the Russians.