Both Catalina and Sunderland aircraft were flown during the course of World War II in search of Japanese and German submarines and surface raiders.

It may have been originally named the Kleinsche Fläche (" Klein surface ") and that this was incorrectly interpreted as Kleinsche Flasche (" Klein bottle "), which ultimately led to the adoption of this term in the German language as well.

By September 2007 the North Pole had been visited 66 times by different surface ships: 54 times by Soviet and Russian icebreakers, 4 times by Swedish Oden, 3 times by German RV Polarstern, 3 times by USCGC Healy and USCGC Polar Sea, and once by CCGS Louis S. St-Laurent and by Norwegian Vidar Viking.

* 1936 – Gerhard Ertl, German surface chemist, Nobel laureate, 2007.

During World War II, the islands were used as a top secret Royal Navy weather and radio station codenamed HMS Atlantic Isle, to monitor U Boats ( which needed to surface to maintain radio contact ) and German shipping movements in the South Atlantic Ocean.

At the end of World War I, as part of the Paris Peace Conference, 1919, the Treaty of Versailles restricted the total tonnage of the German surface fleet.

The presence of the German destroyer in the Atlantic Ocean is a likely inaccuracy, as most of the surface fleet of the Kriegsmarine never ventured that far west, and none did so from 1942 onwards.

Chip carving or chip-carving, kerbschnitt in German, is a style of carving in which knives or chisels are used to remove small chips of the material from a flat surface in a single piece.

Weserübung, though successful, proved to be a costly operation for the Kriegsmarine with almost the entire German surface fleet either sunk or badly damaged.

Raeder argued strongly against Operation Sea Lion, the planned German invasion of Great Britain, as Weserübung had almost destroyed the German surface fleet.

Schiller, from German for " twinkle ", is a term used to describe the metallic iridescence originating from below the surface of a stone, that occurs when light is reflected between layers of minerals.

The British soon discovered that German tunnelling companies had taken advantage of the relative calm on the surface to build an extensive network of tunnels and deep mines from which they would attack French positions by setting off explosive charges underneath their trenches.

In an effort to destroy some German surface fortifications before the assault, the British tunnelling companies secretly laid 13 large explosive charges directly under German positions.

Electrocardiography ( ECG or EKG from the German Elektrokardiogramm ) is a transthoracic ( across the thorax or chest ) interpretation of the electrical activity of the heart over a period of time, as detected by electrodes attached to the outer surface of the skin and recorded by a device external to the body.

However, in the 1980s, German and Italian survey groups led by Dr. Michael Jansen and Dr. Maurizio Tosi used less invasive archeological techniques, such as architectural documentation, surface surveys and localized probing, to gather further information about Mohenjo-daro.

The Bollinger-led group of German Reformed families moved into the area in January 1800, crossing their wagons over the Mississippi River after an unusually cold stretch of weather had frozen the surface all the way across.

In this area, the German immigrant Herman Frasch invented the " Frasch method " of mining sulfur, pumping hot steam into the ground, liquidizing the mineral, and pumping the liquid to the surface.

As a result of German Nazi efforts to erase evidence of the camp's existence near the war's end, almost all traces of the camp disappeared from the surface of the site.

He was serving as Pillsbury's assistant engineering and electrical officer when Guadalcanals task group located a German submarine off Cape Blanco, French West Africa, on June 4, 1944 and forced it to the surface.

Gold determined how landing craft could use radar to navigate to the appropriate landing spot on D-Day and also discovered that the German navy had fitted snorkels to its U-boats, making them operable underwater while still taking in air from above the surface.

By 1916, after the Battle of Jutland, the Germans were forced to concede that the Imperial German Navy's surface fleet could not challenge the strength of the Royal Navy on the high seas, so great faith was placed in the U-Boat to strangle British supply lines in the Atlantic.

From 1927 the German Grand Prix was relocated to the new and more secure Nürburgring circuit in the Western German Eifel range, while the AVUS received a new asphalt surface and served as an experimental track for rocket cars.

There are talks with the German government to deliver some 12 navy fast speed vessels for sea border protection.

The German navy thus ignored Beatty's request that its Commander-in-Chief, Erich Raeder, attend his funeral – as Raeder had done at Jellicoe's funeral earlier.

Raeder merely sent the German navy attache.

The Marine () is the navy of Germany and is part of the unified Bundeswehr ( the German Armed Forces ).

Kennedy argues that by far the main reason was London's fear that a repeat of 1870 — when Prussia and the German states smashed France — would mean that Germany, with a powerful army and navy, would control the English Channel and northwest France.

* 1900 – The Reichstag approves a second law that allows the expansion of the German navy.

Jellicoe became very knowledgeable about his profession, much more so than most of his contemporaries, especially appreciating the strong points of the Kaiserliche Marine ( German navy ).

During the war, Friedrich Krupp Germaniawerft produced 84 U-boats for the German navy, as well as the Deutschland submarine freighter, intended to ship raw material to Germany despite the blockade.

German Chancellor Wirth arranged for Krupp to secretly continue designing artillery and tanks, coordinating with army chief Von Seeckt and navy chief Paul Behncke.

During the 19th century, after Schleswig-Holstein had come under the government of Prussia ( from 1871 the German Empire ) following the Second Schleswig War in 1864, a combination of naval interests — the German navy wanted to link its bases in the Baltic and the North Sea without the need to sail around Denmark — and commercial pressure encouraged the development of a new canal.

The result was a naval arms race with Britain as the German navy grew to become one of the greatest maritime forces in the world, second only to the Royal Navy.

The navy remained the same as that operated by the empire's predecessor organisation in the unification of Germany, the North German Federation, which itself in 1867 had inherited the navy of the Kingdom of Prussia.

This shortened the journey for commercial ships, but specifically united the two areas principally of concern to the German navy, at a cost of 150 million GM.

In 1889 Wilhelm II reorganised top level control of the navy by creating a Navy Cabinet ( Marine-Kabinett ) equivalent to the German Imperial Military Cabinet which had previously functioned in the same capacity for both the army and navy.

He created popular magazines about the navy, arranged for Alfred Thayer Mahan's The Influence of Sea Power upon History, which argued the importance of naval forces, to be translated into German and serialised in newspapers, arranged rallies in support and invited politicians and industrialists to naval reviews.

Expenditure for the navy was too great to be met from taxation: the Reichstag had limited powers to extend taxation without entering into negotiations with the constituent German states, and this was considered politically unviable.

As British public opinion was turned against Germany, Admiral Sir John Fisher twice – in 1904 and 1908 – proposed using Britain ’ s current naval superiority to ' Copenhagen ' the German fleet, that is, to launch preemptive strikes against the Kiel and Wilhelmshaven naval bases as the Royal Navy had done against the Danish navy in 1801 and 1807.

The British Admiralty estimated that the German navy would be the world's second largest by 1906.

The design was hampered by the necessity to use reciprocating engines instead of the smaller turbines, since no sufficiently powerful design was available and acceptable to the German navy.

Despite their ultimate importance, the German navy declined to take up the cause of another experiment, the submarine, until 1904.

The German army, mindful of the steadily increasing proportion of spending going to the navy, demanded an increase of 136, 000 men to bring its size closer to that of France.