* Harappan architecture

Certain scholarship holds that the practices, emblems and architecture now commonly associated with the Hindu pantheon and Jainism may go back as far as Late Harappan times to the period 2000 – 1500 BCE.

The Indus Valley Civilization ( also known as Harappan culture ) has its earliest roots in cultures such as that of Mehrgarh, approximately 6000 BCE.

In 2001, archaeologists studying the remains of two men from Mehrgarh made the discovery that the people of the Indus Valley Civilization, from the early Harappan periods, had knowledge of proto-dentistry.

Some of the earliest levees were constructed by the Indus Valley Civilization ( in Pakistan and North India from circa 2600 BC ) on which the agrarian life of the Harappan peoples depended.

Remains from the early Harappan periods of the Indus Valley Civilization ( c. 3300 BCE ) show evidence of teeth having been drilled dating back 9, 000 years.

The Indus Valley Civilization is also known as the Harappan Civilization, as the first of its cities to be unearthed was located at Harappa, excavated in the 1920s in what was at the time the Punjab province of British India ( now in Pakistan ).

There were earlier and later cultures, often called Early Harappan and Late Harappan, in the same area of the Harappan Civilization.

With the inclusion of the predecessor and successor cultures — Early Harappan and Late Harappan, respectively — the entire Indus Valley Civilization may be taken to have lasted from the 33rd to the 14th centuries BCE.

* c. 1900 BC: Late Harappan Phase of the Indus Valley Civilization begins

* c. 2600 BC – 1900 BC: Large water tank, possibly a public or ritual bathing area, Mohenjo-Daro, Indus Valley Civilization, Harappan, is made.

There is strong evidence to support cultural continuation from the Indus Valley Civilization ( Harappan ; Indus-Sarasvati ) to Vedic and modern Hindu practices.

It was one of the largest cities of the ancient Indus Valley Civilization, also known as the Harappan Civilization, which developed around 3000 BCE from the prehistoric Indus culture.

* 2600 BC: Mature Harappan phase of the Indus Valley Civilization begins.

* Indus Valley Civilization ( also known as Harappan civilization or Sindu-Sarasvati civilization ) began in Harappa

The mature phase of this civilization is known as the Harappan Civilization, as the first of its cities to be unearthed was located at Harappa, excavated in the 1920s in what was at the time the Punjab province of British India ( now in Pakistan ).

In 1963 archeologists discovered that the village was the site of an extensive city, part of the Indus Valley Civilization and also part of early Harappan settlements.

The Elamo-Dravidian hypothesis proposes that the extinct Harappan language ( the language or languages of the Indus Valley Civilization ) may also be part of the same family.

Metalcasting began in the Indus Valley Civilization around 3500 BC in the Mohenjodaro area, which produced the earliest known example of lost-wax casting, the Indian bronze figurine named the “ dancing girl ” that dates back nearly 5, 000 years to the Harappan period.

There are scholars today who confidently identify Meluhha with the Harappan Civilization on the basis of the extensive evidence of trading contacts between Sumer and this region.

Excavations ( 1968 – 73 and 1980 – 86 ) in the village of Mitathal in Bhiwani have unearthed evidence of pre-Harappan and Harappan ( Indus Valley Civilization ) culture in the area.

The archaeologist Kenoyer noted that this culture " may only reflect a change in the focus of settlement organization from that which was the pattern of the earlier Harappan phase and not cultural discontinuity, urban decay, invading aliens, or site abandonment, all of which have been suggested in the past.

During the height of the Indus valley civilization about 2000 BC, the Harappan colony now known as Shortugai was established near the lapis mines.

It was half a century later, in 1912, that more Harappan seals were discovered by J.

The oldest known tidal dock in the world was built around 2500 BC during the Harappan civilisation at Lothal near the present day Mangrol harbour on the Gujarat coast in India.

* c. 3300 BC, Harappan script was discovered in Indus Valley ( present day Pakistan )

Lothal's dockyards connected to an ancient course of the Sabarmati river on the trade route between Harappan cities in Sindh and the peninsula of Saurashtra when the surrounding Kutch desert was a part of the Arabian Sea.

The first historical record of the domestication of Asian elephants was in Harappan times.

Rakhigarhi was occupied at Early Harappan times.

Luxury items also appear, such as lapis lazuli mined at a Harappan colony at Shortugai ( Badakshan in northern Afghanistan ), which was transported to Lothal, a port city in Gujarat, and shipped from there to Oman, Bahrain, and Sumer.

The first recorded domestication of the elephant was in Harappan times and the animal ultimately went on to serve as a siege engine, mount in war, status symbol, work animal, and an elevated platform for hunting.

This evidence has been used to claim that a late Harappan script was used until around 1500 BC.

He notes a number of striking similarities in shape and form between the late Harappan characters and the Phoenician letters, arguing than the Phoenician script evolved from the Harappan script, challenging the classical theory that the first alphabet was Proto-Sinaitic.

In the region of Muzaffarnagar district, earliest settlement discovered is in Mandi village of Sadarpur tehsil and belongs to the Harappan civilization ; it appears that this Janapada was a part of Harappa civilisation, for the pots and pans and other objects, which are of the type of that era, are still seen occasionally in use here and in neighbouring villages.

), one among the five largest Harappan cities in the subcontinent, Dholavira in Gujarat has yielded many firsts in respect of Indus Valley Civilization, an Iron Age Urn Burial Site in Adichanallur, Tamil Nadu.

In the Mature Harappan period, from about 2600 BC, strings of Indus signs are most commonly found on flat, rectangular stamp seals, but they are also found on at least a dozen other materials including tools, miniature tablets, copper plates, and pottery.

A sophisticated and technologically advanced urban culture developed in the Mature Harappan period, from 2600 to 1900 BCE.

* 16 January – Archaeologists announce the discovery of ancient man-made structures off the Gujarati coast which could be as many as 9, 500 years old – 5, 500 years older than the ancient Harappan civilisation whose remains are found around the same region.

The Harappan culture, which dates from 1700 BC to 1300 BC, overlapped the transition from the Bronze Age to the Iron Age ; thus it is difficult to date this transition accurately.

In South Asia earliest available Bronze age swords of copper were discovered in the Harappan sites, in present-day Pakistan, and date back to 2300 BC.

Migration of Proto-Indo-Iranian speakers to and within Northwestern parts of South Asia is consequently presumed to have taken place in the Middle to Late Bronze Age, contemporary to the Late Harappan phase ( ca.