In the Middle East, Aramaic gave rise to the Hebrew and Nabataean abjads, which retained many of the Aramaic letter forms.

They are written in Hebrew, Aramaic, Greek, and Nabataean, mostly on parchment, but with some written on papyrus and bronze.

The word is cognate with forms meaning ' death ' in other Semitic and Afro-Asiatic languages: with Arabic موت mawt ; with Hebrew מות ( mot or mavet ; ancient Hebrew moth or maweth ); with Maltese mewt ; with Syriac mautā ; with Ge ' ez mot ; with Canaanite, Egyptian, Berber, Aramaic, Nabataean, and Palmyrene מות ( mwt ); with Jewish Aramaic, Christian Palestinian Aramaic, and Samaritan מותא ( mwt ’); with Mandaean muta ; with Akkadian mūtu ; with Hausa mutuwa ; and with Angas mut.

It is thought that the Arabic alphabet is a derivative of the Nabataean variation of the Aramaic alphabet, which descended from the Phoenician alphabet, which among others gave rise to the Hebrew alphabet and the Greek alphabet ( and therefore the Cyrillic and Roman alphabets ).

These vowelless alphabets are called abjads, currently exemplified in scripts including Arabic, Hebrew, and Syriac.

The Arabic alphabet, Hebrew alphabet, Syriac alphabet, and other abjads of the Middle East are developments of the Aramaic alphabet, but because these writing systems are largely consonant-based they are often not considered true alphabets.

The earliest known alphabet in the wider sense is the Wadi el-Hol script, believed to be an abjad, which through its successor Phoenician is the ancestor of modern alphabets, including Arabic, Greek, Latin ( via the Old Italic alphabet ), Cyrillic ( via the Greek alphabet ) and Hebrew ( via Aramaic ).

Examples of present-day abjads are the Arabic and Hebrew scripts ; true alphabets include Latin, Cyrillic, and Korean hangul ; and abugidas are used to write Tigrinya, Amharic, Hindi, and Thai.

The ordering () of Arabic letters used to match that of the older Hebrew, Phoenician and Semitic alphabets ; ( read from right to left: ) or.

Due to the near-identity of the Aramaic and the classical Hebrew alphabets, Aramaic text is mostly typeset in standard Hebrew script in scholarly literature.

* The original order (), used for lettering, derives from the order of the Phoenician alphabet, and is therefore similar to the order of other Phoenician-derived alphabets, such as the Hebrew alphabet.

Some manual representations of non-Roman scripts such as Chinese, Japanese, Devanagari, Hebrew, Greek, Thai and Russian alphabets are based to some extent on the one-handed Latin alphabet described above.

Others provide non-Latin alphabets: Greek, Cyrillic, Hebrew, Arabic and Thai.

later developed into the Phoenician one ( with sister alphabets of Hebrew, Aramaic and Moabite ), influencing the entire Mediterranean region.

Matres lectionis are found in Ugaritic, Moabite, South Arabian and the Phoenician alphabets, but are widely used only in Hebrew, Aramaic, Syriac and Arabic.

However, the name for the letter in the Phoenician, Hebrew, Aramaic and Arabic alphabets is nun, which means " fish " in some of these languages.

A more systematic example is that of abjads like the Arabic and Hebrew alphabets, in which the short vowels are normally left unwritten and have to be inferred by the reader.

It is not known where he was educated, but his use of Greek and Hebrew alphabets in many of the inscriptions in his works indicate that he had been schooled in the classics.

Versions exist for the following alphabets / scripts: Latin, Cyrillic, Hebrew, Greek, Japanese, Korean, Hindi, Urdu, Khmer and Vietnamese.

* The symbolism of the cross was connected not only to the letter chi, but also to tau, the equivalent of the last letter in the Phoenician and Old Hebrew alphabets, and which was originally cruciform in shape ; see Cross of Tau.

Clay tablets written in Ugaritic provide the earliest evidence of both the Levantine and South Semitic orders of the alphabet, which gave rise to the alphabetic orders of the Hebrew, Greek, and Latin alphabets.

Clay tablets written in Ugaritic provide the earliest evidence of both the West and South Semitic orders of the alphabet, which gave rise to the alphabetic orders of Arabic ( in earlier order of its abjad ), the reduced Hebrew, and more distantly Greek, and Latin alphabets on the one hand, and of the Ge ' ez alphabet on the other.

Lists of Ugaritic letters ( abecedaria, singular abecedarium ) have been found in two alphabetic orders: the " Northern Semitic order " more similar to the one found in Arabic ( earlier order ), Hebrew and Phoenician, and more distantly, the Greek and Latin alphabets ; and the " Southern Semitic order " more similar to the one found in the South Arabian, and the Ge ' ez alphabets.

And just where Aramaic did not have a corresponding emphatic stop, p, Brāhmī seems to have doubled up for the corresponding aspirate: Brāhmī p and ph are graphically very similar, as if taken from the same source in Aramaic p. The first letter of the two alphabets also match: Brāhmī a, which resembled a reversed κ, looks a lot like Aramaic alef, which resembled Hebrew א.

As they were written in Arabic and Hebrew alphabets the vowels have had to be reconstructed.

* Beth ( letter ), the second letter in many Semitic alphabets, including Hebrew, Arabic, Syriac, Aramaic, and Phoenician

and in her forthright way, Henrietta, who in her story of Sara had indicated her own unwillingness `` to think of men as the privileged '' and `` women as submissive and yielding '', felt obliged to defend vigorously any statement of hers to which Morris Jastrow took the slightest exception -- he objected to her stand on the Corbin affair, as well as on the radical reforms of Dr. Wise of Hebrew Union College -- until once, in sheer desperation, he wrote that he had given up hope they would ever agree on anything.

The little boys shrilled out a Yiddish translation or interpretation of the Five Books of Moses, which they had previously chanted in Hebrew.

However, most modern abjads, such as Arabic, Hebrew, Aramaic and Avestan, are " impure " abjads, that is, they also contain symbols for some of the vowel phonemes.

The followers of Jesus became known as Christians ( as in Acts ) because they believed Jesus to be the Messiah ( Christos ) prophesied in the Hebrew Bible.

These books are not part of the Tanakh ( Hebrew Bible ), they are apocryphal books instead.

Christians accept the Written Torah and other books of the Hebrew Bible as Scripture, although they generally give readings from the Koine Greek Septuagint translation instead of the Biblical Hebrew / Biblical Aramaic Masoretic Text.

Some Christian denominations ( such as Anglican, Roman Catholic, and Eastern Orthodox ), include a number of books that are not in the Hebrew Bible ( the biblical apocrypha or deuterocanonical books or Anagignoskomena, see Development of the Old Testament canon ) in their biblical canon that are not in today's Jewish canon, although they were included in the Septuagint.

The first Christians, Jewish and Gentile, were certainly aware of the Hebrew calendar (; ; ; ; ), but there is no direct evidence that they celebrated any specifically Christian annual festivals.

According to the Church Fathers, the Bishops of Asia Minor requested John, in his old age, to write a gospel in response to Cerinthus, the Ebionites and other Hebrew groups which they deemed heretical.

The family was not particularly religious, pork was a staple on the dinner table, and when he started attending temple as a boy, Cukor learned Hebrew phonetically, with no real understanding of the meaning of the words or what they represented.

Sayce and other scholars also mention that Judah and the Hittites were never enemies in the Hebrew texts ; in the Book of Kings, they supplied the Israelites with cedar, chariots, and horses, as well as being a friend and allied to Abraham in the Book of Genesis.

Hebrew names and romanized transliteration may somewhat differ, as they do for חשוון / Marcheshvan or כסלו / Kislev: the Hebrew words shown here are those commonly indicated e. g. in newspapers.

The exile community in Babylon thus became the source of significant portions of the Hebrew Bible: Isaiah 40 – 55, Ezekiel, the final version of Jeremiah, the work of the Priestly source in the Pentateuch, and the final form of the history of Israel from Deuteronomy to 2 Kings Theologically, they were responsible for the doctrines of individual responsibility and universalism ( the concept that one god controls the entire world ), and for the increased emphasis on purity and holiness.

The Karaites (" Scripturalists ") accept only the Hebrew Bible and what they view as the Peshat (" simple " meaning ); they do not accept non-biblical writings as authoritative.

These books are not part of the Tanakh ( Hebrew Bible ), they are apocryphal books instead.

The statements and institutions of the founding generation that have been preserved are numerous, and they explicitly describe many of their biblical motivations and goals, their interest in Hebrew and the Hebrew Bible, their use of Jewish and Christian images and ideas.

When Pharaoh asked the midwives why they had disobeyed his orders, the midwives told him the Hebrew women had easier labors than Egyptian women and delivered their babies before the midwife arrived.

Both kinds of Midrashim were at first preserved only orally ; but their writing down commenced in the 2nd century, and they now exist in the shape chiefly of exegetical or homiletical commentaries on Tanakh ( the Hebrew Bible ).

Christianity interprets a wide range of biblical passages in the Old Testament ( Hebrew scripture ) as predicting the coming of the Messiah ( see Christianity and Biblical prophecy for examples ), and believes that they are fulfilled in Jesus ' own explicit life and teaching: