During his time at Yale he worked on the description of the Hopi language, and the historical linguistics of the Uto-Aztecan languages, publishing many influential papers in professional journals.

In addition to his well known work on linguistic relativity, he wrote a grammar of the Hopi language and studies of Nahuatl dialects, proposed a deciphering of Maya hieroglyphic writing, and published the first attempt towards a reconstruction of Uto-Aztecan.

Whorf took a special interest in the Hopi language and started working with Ernest Naquayouma, a speaker of Hopi from Toreva village living in Manhattan, New York.

Whorf credited Naquayouma as the source of most of his information on the Hopi language, although in 1938 he took a short field trip to the village of Mishongnovi, on the Second Mesa of the Hopi Reservation in Arizona.

One of Whorf's examples of this was the supposedly many words for ' snow ' in the Inuit language, which has later been shown to be a misrepresentation but also for example how the Hopi language describes water with two different words for drinking water in a container versus a natural body of water.

He argued that in contrast to English and other SAE languages, the Hopi language does not treat the flow of time as a sequence of distinct, countable instances, like " three days " or " five years " but rather as a single process and consequentially it does not have nouns referring to units of time.

For example, Ekkehart Malotki's monumental study of time expressions in Hopi presented many examples that challenged Whorf's interpretation of Hopi language and culture as being " timeless ".

All of the film titles are taken from the Hopi language ; Koyaanisqatsi meaning " life out of balance ," Powaqqatsi meaning " life in transformation ," and Naqoyqatsi meaning " life as war.

The Hopi language is one of the 30 of the Uto-Aztecan language family.

Much research on linguistic ideologies probes subtler influences on language, such as the pull exerted on Tewa — a Kiowa-Tanoan language spoken in certain New Mexico Pueblos as well as on the Hopi Reservation in Arizona — by " kiva speech ," discussed in the next section.

Wupatki, which means " Tall House " in the Hopi language, is a multistory Sinagua pueblo dwelling having more than 100 rooms.

The largest settlement on monument territory is the Wupatki Ruin, " Tall House " in the Hopi language, built around a natural rock outcropping.

Hopi is a Uto-Aztecan language spoken by the Hopi people ( a Pueblo group ) of northeastern Arizona, USA, although today some Hopi are monolingual English speakers.

In 1990, it was estimated that more than 5, 000 people could speak Hopi as a native language ( approximately 75 % of the population ); at least 40 of them were monolingual in Hopi.

Most modern Pueblo peoples ( whether Keresans, Hopi, or Tanoans ) assert the ancient Pueblo did not " vanish ", as is commonly portrayed in media presentations or popular books, but migrated to areas in the southwest with more favorable rainfall and dependable streams.

There is also a tradition of the practice among the Hopi, and mentions of the custom among other tribes of New Mexico and Arizona.

In the kiva of both Ancient Pueblo Peoples | ancient and present-day Pueblo people s, the sipapu is a small round hole in the floor that represents the portal through which the ancestors Hopi mythology # Four Worlds | first emerged ( the larger hole is a fire pit, here in a ruin from the Mesa Verde National Park )

The Hopi people, whose name means ' Peaceful ' (" Hopi " is a contraction of / hopitu / ' peaceful '), have followed religious doctrine that is generally " anti-war ".

The first example of this kind of research is Whorf's observation of discrepancies between the grammar of time expressions in Hopi and English.

Powaqqatsi is a Hopi word meaning " parasitic way of life " or " life in transition ".

" It is speculated that their Hopi guides must have been reluctant to lead them to the river, since they must have known routes to the canyon floor.

It is based on structures that were built in an ancient Hopi settlement called Old Oraibi, located on the Third Mesa in eastern Arizona.

The Colorado River Indian Reservation includes parts of California and Arizona and is shared by members of the Chemehuevi, Hopi, and Navajo peoples.

The Hopi Reservation is entirely surrounded by the much larger Navajo Reservation.

Oraibi is one of four original Hopi villages, and one of the oldest continuously inhabited villages within the territory of the United States.

The Hopi tribe is federally recognized and headquartered in Kykotsmovi, Arizona.

Peabody Western Coal Company is one of the largest coal operations on Hopi land, with long-time permits for continued mining.

The Hopi Economic Development Corporation is the tribal enterprise tasked with creating diverse, viable economic opportunities.

The name ' Hopi ' is a shortened form of their autonym, Hopituh Shi-nu-mu (" The Peaceful People " or " Peaceful Little Ones ").

The Hopi Dictionary gives the primary meaning of the word " Hopi " as: " behaving one, one who is mannered, civilized, peaceable, polite, who adheres to the Hopi way.

In the United States, pine nuts are mainly harvested by Native Americans, particularly the Uto-Aztecan: Shoshone, Paiute and Hopi, and Washoe tribes.

In 1962 the courts issued the “ Opinion, Findings of Fact and Conclusions of Law and Judgment ,” which stated that the U. S government did not grant the Navajo any type of permission to reside on the Hopi Reservation that was declared in 1882 ; and that the remaining Hopi land was to be shared with the Navajo.

Other HEDC businesses include the Hopi Three Canyon Ranches, between Flagstaff and Winslow ; and the 26 Bar Ranch in Eagar ; Hopi Travel Plaza in Holbrook ; three commercial properties in Flagstaff ; and the Kokopelli Inn in Sedona.

The Hopi also are part of the wider cash economy ; a significant number of Hopi have mainstream jobs ; others earn a living by creating high-quality Hopi art, notably the carving of Kachina dolls, the expert crafting of earthenware ceramics, and the design and production of fine jewelry, especially sterling silver.

Example cultures or societies include the Cherokee, Choctaw, Gitksan, Haida, Hopi, Iroquois, Lenape, Navajo, and Tlingit of North America ; the Minangkabau people of West Sumatra, Indonesia and Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia ; the Nairs of Kerala and the Bunts of Karnataka in south India ; the Khasi, Jaintia and Garo of Meghalaya in northeast India ; the Mosuo of China ; the Basques of Spain and France ; the Akan including the Ashanti of west Africa ; the Tuaregs of west and north Africa ; and the Serer of Senegal, the Gambia and Mauritania.

While there are numerous subdivisions of Pueblo People that have been published in the literature, Kirchhoff ( 1954 ) published a subdivision of the Pueblo People into two subareas: the group that includes Hopi, Zuñi, Keres, Jemez which share exogamous matrilineal clans, have multiple kivas, believe in emergence of people from the underground, have four or six directions beginning in the north, and have four and seven as ritual numbers.

Eggan ( 1950 ) in contrast, posed a dichotomy between Eastern and Western Pueblos, based largely on subsistence differences with the Western or Desert Pueblos of Zuñi and Hopi dry-farmers and the Eastern or River Pueblos irrigation farmers. They mostly grew maize ( corn ).

They traveled by way of Zuñi, the Hopi pueblos, and the Bill Williams River to the Colorado River, and descended that river to its mouth in the Gulf of California in January 1605, before returning along the same route to New Mexico.

He sites the Kachina dance songs as the most complex songs and Hopi and Zuni material as the most complex of the Pueblo, while Tanoan and Keresan music is simpler and intermediate between the Plains and western Pueblos.

Hopi is part of the Pueblo linguistic area ( a Sprachbund ) along with members of the Tanoan family, the Keresan languages, Zuni, and Navajo.

The Zuni have, however, borrowed a number of words from Keresan, Hopi, and Pima pertaining to religion and religious observances.

Since Zuni is a member of the Pueblo linguistic area, it shares a number of features with Hopi, Keresan, and Tanoan ( and to a lesser extent Navajo ) that are probably due to language contact.

Chakwaina ( alternatively Cha ' kwaina or Tcakwaina ) is a kachina which appears in Hopi, Zuni, and Keresan ceremonies, but does not appear in Tewa ceremonies.

Nettl cites the Kachina dance songs as the most complex songs and the music of Hopi and Zuni as the most complex of the Pueblo, while Tanoan and Keresan music is simpler and intermediate between the Plains and western Pueblos.