Medical and Human Rights Organizations worldwide have collaborated to produce the Istanbul Protocol, a document designed to outline common torture methods, consequences of torture, and medico-legal examination techniques.

It provided medical treatment, counselling and therapy to torture survivors and documented evidence of torture using the Istanbul Protocol.

The Manual on Effective Investigation and Documentation of Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment, commonly known as the Istanbul Protocol, is the first set of international guidelines for documentation of torture and its consequences.

The Istanbul Protocol is intended to serve as a set of international guidelines for the assessment of persons who allege torture and ill treatment, for investigating cases of alleged torture, and for reporting such findings to the judiciary and any other investigative body.

As such, the Istanbul Protocol provides useful guidance for doctors and lawyers who want to investigate whether or not a person has been tortured and report the findings to the judiciary and any other investigative bodies.

The Istanbul Protocol is a non-binding document.

The Istanbul Protocol is a tool for doing this.

The Istanbul Protocol was drafted by more than 75 experts in law, health and human rights during three years of collective effort involving more than 40 different organisations including the International Rehabilitation Council for Torture Victims.

Upon finalisation of the Istanbul Protocol in 1999, an article on the Protocol was published in the international medical journal The Lancet.

The Istanbul Protocol is published by the Office of the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights in its Professional Training Series in the six official UN languages.

The Istanbul Protocol was submitted to the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights on 9 August 1999.

Likewise, reference was made to the Istanbul Protocol in the resolution on the competence of national investigative authorities in preventing torture.

In addition to recognition by the UN system, the Istanbul Protocol has also been adopted by several regional bodies.

The African Commission on Human and Peoples ' Rights deliberated on the importance of the Istanbul Protocol during its 32nd ordinary session in October 2002 and concluded that investigations of all allegations of torture or ill-treatment, shall be conducted promptly, impartially and effectively, and be guided by the Istanbul Principles.

The European Union has referred to the Istanbul Protocol in its Guidelines to EU Policy towards Third Countries on Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment adopted by the General Affairs Council in 2001.

* References that cite the Istanbul Protocol as a useful tool in the efforts to combat torture and strongly encourage governments to reflect upon the principles contained in the Protocol ;

* References that say that states should establish and operate effective domestic procedures for the investigation and documentation of torture allegations in accordance with the Istanbul Protocol.

* Istanbul Protocol – Web page

* Istanbul Protocol – PDF file ( English )

* Istanbul Protocol – PDF file ( Arabic )

* Istanbul Protocol – PDF file ( Chinese )

* Finkel, Caroline, Osman's Dream, ( Basic Books, 2005 ), 57 ; " Istanbul was only adopted as the city's official name in 1930 ..".

According to the official records ; it was last managed by the grandsons of Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha ; District Governor Ahmed Asım Bey ( Born in Istanbul, 1844 ).

The tour included an official visit to Istanbul where Fisher dined with the sultan of the Ottoman Empire from gold cups and plates.

* " Nova Roma " is traditionally reported to be the Latin name given by emperor Constantine the Great to the new imperial capital he founded in 330 at the city on the European coast of the Bosporus strait, known as Byzantium until then and as Kōnstantinoúpolis ( Constantinople ) from that time to its official renaming as Istanbul in 1928.

* Finkel, Caroline, Osman's Dream, ( Basic Books, 2005 ), 57 ; " Istanbul was only adopted as the city's official name in 1930 ..".

In this last instance, he caused a diplomatic incident when, during a 1905 official trip to Istanbul, he attempted to present Sultan Abdul Hamid II with such a project and was denied an audience — consequently refusing to be presented with an Ottoman decoration, he was ultimately received and his report was reviewed by the Porte.

He also participated in the official selections of the 7th International Festival of New Film, Split, Croatia ; the 2007 Bienal de São Paulo – Valencia ; and the 10th Istanbul Biennial.

A US consul dispatch leaked by WikiLeaks and penned by an official from the consulate in Istanbul observed that the entire affair " exposed an ugly streak of racism in Turkish society.

The Arabic word " Rūm " refers to Constantinople ( formerly Byzantium, now Istanbul ), whose official name was New Rome ( Latin: Nova Roma Greek: Νέα Ρώμη ).

During World War II, he did drawings inspired by the conflict, but his treatment of political subjects in wartime aroused official hackles, and in 1941 the martial law command of Istanbul exiled him and his elder brother to southeastern Anatolia, where their grandfather was governor before.

As Islam was the official religion of both court and state, the Chief Mufti in Istanbul had a much higher status, even of cabinet rank.

* Finkel, Caroline, Osman's Dream, ( Basic Books, 2005 ), 57 ; " Istanbul was only adopted as the city's official name in 1930 ..".

Poland worked together with Promethean political émigrés who were in official contact with Poland's Foreign Ministry, with Polish diplomatic offices in Istanbul, Bucharest, Prague, Tehran and Paris, and with the Polish General Staff.

*" Pick Somebody Up " appears on the official album of 15th International Istanbul Jazz Festival ( 2008 )

He appeared in a total of 20 official games during his first spell in Istanbul ( 14 league, six cup ) and, in early July 2011, a permanent three-year contract was arranged, for a € 2 million transfer fee.

An unofficial league was founded in 1927 in Istanbul, which lasted until the establishment of a regional official league in 1933.

The official inauguration in 1911 was done by organizing a game between a Cluj team and Galatasaray Istanbul.

In October 2008, Turkish Airlines launched nonstop service to Baghdad from Istanbul Atatürk International Airport with three weekly flights, thus becoming the first airline to resume service from Europe to the Iraqi capital since UN sanctions were imposed after the 1990 invasion of Kuwait.

Turkey claims that the Turkish Hizbullah was responsible for the Istanbul bombings while the UN headquarters in Baghdad was blamed on Baathists.

Habitat II-the Second United Nations Conference on Human Settlements-was held in Istanbul, Turkey from June 3 – 14, 1996, twenty years after the 1976 Habitat conference in Vancouver that had led to the establishment of the Nairobi-based United Nations Human Settlements Programme ( UN – HABITAT ).

The ethnic cleansing of Georgians has been recognized officially by the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe ( OSCE ) conventions of Lisbon, Budapest and Istanbul ( also mentioned in UN General Assembly Resolution GA / 10708 ).

In 1996, Dürr was made a member of the UN Secretary General's international advisory group for the Habitat II Conference in Istanbul.

The UN Special Rapporteur on Torture stressed in his General Recommendations of 2003 the importance of the Istanbul Principles in the context of establishing independent national authorities for investigation ; promptness and independence of investigations ; independence of forensic medical services by governmental investigatory bodies and obtaining forensic evidence.

* Speech on " Solidarity " at the UN Conference on Human Settlement in Istanbul, Turkey, June 3 – 14, 1996.