His personal story ( a prince born in the poorest rione ( section of the city ) of Naples ), his unique twisted face, his special mimic expressions and his gestures, created an inimitable personage and made him one of the most beloved Italians of the 1960s.

His book, Of the Moral and Civil Primacy of the Italians, was published in 1843 and created a link between the Papacy and the Risorgimento.

Many Italians remained outside the borders of the Kingdom of Italy and this situation created the Italian irredentism.

The term " Madonna " is sometimes used to refer to representations of Mary that were not created by Italians.

The French and Italians have also claimed to have created Amadis.

When the Germans occupied the area and substituted the Italians, they maintained the borders created by Mussolini, but after World War II the Albanian borders were returned by the Allies to the pre-war status.

Augustus created for the first time an administrative region called Italia with inhabitants called " Italicus populus ", stretching from the Alps to Sicily: for this reason historians like Gentile called him Father of Italians.

The Italians at the end of the 19th century created a modern port in Massaua for their newly-created colony of Italian Eritrea.

This attracted the attention of many Italo-disco producers ( mostly Italians and Germans ) and by the late 80s while the Germans faded out of the outdated Italo-disco scene and went for other newly rising popular scenes, mainly trance, the Italians created a new sound especially for Japan, but virtually unknown in the rest of the world.

During the course of World War II, the Italians created virtually no art which documented the conflict.

Their support of the Montenegrin uprising was seen as part of a larger attempt to stretch the already frail defense capability of the newly created South Slavic state which would make it easier for Italians to attack the new state's still undefined borders.

At independence, the vacuum created by the outgoing Italians was not filled by the new Somali élites in charge, as the latter deemed the cattle trade and urban assets more profitable.

Their books have created an increasing interest of the Italians for Bengali literature and Bangladesh.

The Italians created the special " Corpo di Spedizione " with Alpini troops sent from Italy and ex-POWs of Italian ethnicity from the former Austro-Hungarian army who were recruited to the Italian Legione Redenta.

Following Italian unification Massimo Taparelli, marquis d ' Azeglio, one of Cavour's ministers, is said to have stated that having created Italy, all that remained was to create Italians ( a national identity ).

Initially an insurance for injured Javier Chevantón and replace the left of outgoing Emmanuel Adebayor, the Italians created opportunity for Chevantón to score goals in the second half of season.

Hacker believes it only important to the upper-class snobs ( such as Humphrey himself ), and several other " wet, long-haired, scruffy art lovers ", arguing that operas created by Italians and Germans are not representative of Britain's cultural heritage.

It also created the office collecting Internal Revenue ; was declared an epidemic of bubonic plague, which led to the creation of the Office Bacteriológica ; settled colonies of immigrants, especially Italians, died murdered journalist and historian Blas Garay.

One question much asked – both then and long afterward – is why did Emperor Menelik fail to follow up his victory and drive the routed Italians out of their colony?

The Italians took advantage of disorder in northern Ethiopia following the death of Emperor Yohannes IV in 1889 to occupy the highlands and established their new colony, henceforth known as Eritrea, and received recognition from Menelik II, Ethiopia's new Emperor.

In 30 BC, Octavian became Roman emperor, reorganized the colony, and established more settlers there, veterans possibly from the Praetorian Guard and other Italians.

In the first half of 1940, there were 22, 000 Italians living in Somalia and the colony was one of the most developed in East Africa in terms of the standard of living of the colonists and of the Somalis, mainly in the urban areas.

However few Italians came to the Ethiopian colony, with most going to Eritrea.

With this aim in mind, Italy joined the German-Austrian Alliance to form the Triple Alliance, partly in anger at the French seizure of Tunisia in 1881, which many Italians had seen as a potential colony, partly to guarantee herself support in case of foreign aggression: the main alliance compelled any signatory country to support the other parties if two other countries attacked.

Jubaland was subsequently ceded to Italy in 1925 as a reward for the Italians having joined the Allies in World War I, and had a brief existence as the Italian colony of Trans-Juba ( Oltre Giuba ) under governor ( 16 July 1924-31 December 1926 ) Corrado Zoli ( 1877 – 1951 ).

In the first half of 1940, there were 22, 000 Italians living in Somalia and the colony was one of the most developed in Africa in terms of the standard of living of the colonists and of the Somalis, mainly in the urban areas.

The Empress held a hard line against the Italians, and when talks eventually broke down, and Italy invaded the Empire from its Eritrean colony, she marched north with the Emperor and the Imperial Army, commanding a force of cannoneers at the historic Battle of Adwa which resulted in a humiliating defeat for Italy in March, 1896.

In 1890 the Italians introduced the Tallero Eritreo, styled after the MTT, in their new colony Eritrea, also hoping to impose it on the commerce with Ethiopia.

* After the first months of the war were over, Benito Mussolini boasted that Italy had conquered a territory the size of England in the Horn of Africa, even if the Italians had nothing to show for their offensive efforts except for the colony of British Somaliland, the Sudanese border outposts of Karora, Gallabat, Kurmak and Kassala, and the area in Kenya around Moyale and Buna.

The seizures made by the Italians at this time ultimately resulted in the creation of the colony of Eritrea and the defeat of Italy at the Battle of Adowa at the hands of Emperor Menelik II.

The territory was subsequently ceded to Italy, purportedly as a reward for the Italians having joined the Allies in World War I, and had a brief existence as the Italian colony of Trans-Juba ( Oltre Giuba ).

Immediately after their arrival in New York, the new missionaries were enabled to secure a favorable site in Centre Street, where there was a colony of Italians, and in a short time a chapel was opened ; soon after this the church of the Resurrection was opened in Mulberry Street ; lastly, a building in Roosevelt Street, which had been a Protestant place of worship, became the property of the mission fathers who transformed it into the church of St. Joachim, the first specially Italian church in the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of New York.

After defeating the Italians, the regiment was posted to Sri Lanka ( then a British colony called Ceylon ) and afterwards to Burma, where allied forces were fighting against Japan.

The Italians suffered about 7, 000 killed and 1, 500 wounded in the battle and subsequent retreat back into Eritrea, with 3, 000 taken prisoner ; Ethiopian losses have been estimated around 4, 000 – 5, 000, but with 8, 000 wounded.

In their flight to Eritrea, the Italians left behind all of their artillery and 11, 000 rifles, as well as most of their transport.

The Italians brought to Eritrea a huge development of Catholicism and by the 1940 nearly one third of the Eritrean population was catholic, mainly in Asmara where many churches were built.

The Italians also built many major infrastructural projects in Eritrea, including the Asmara-Massawa Cableway and the Eritrean Railway.

Many industrial investments were done by the Italians in the area of Asmara and Massawa, but the beginning of World War II stopped the blossoming industrialization of Eritrea.

When the British army conquered Eritrea from the Italians in spring 1941, most of the infrastructures and the industrial areas were extremely damaged.

The biggest extension of Eritrea was reached during the Italian empire ( 1936 – 1941 ), when northern parts of conquered Ethiopia were assigned to Eritrea by the Italians as a reward for the Eritrean " Ascaris '" help in the conquest of Ethiopia

* Photos of Italian Eritrea, from the website of the Italians of Eritrea ( in Italian )

Barely a month later, on May 2, he signed a treaty of amity with the Italians, which apparently gave them control over Eritrea, the Red Sea coast to the northeast of Ethiopia, in return for recognition of Menelik's rule.

In 1893, judging that his power over Ethiopia was secure, Menelik repudiated the treaty ; in response the Italians ramped up the pressure on his domain in a variety of ways, including the annexation of small territories bordering their original claim under the Treaty of Wuchale, and finally culminating with a military campaign across the Mareb River into Tigray ( on the border with Eritrea ) in December 1894.

The next clash came at Amba Alagi on 7 December 1895, when Ethiopian soldiers overran the Italian positions dug in on that natural fortress, and forced the Italians to retreat back to Eritrea.

Italian communities once thrived in the former African colonies of Eritrea ( nearly 100, 000 at the beginning of World War II ), Somalia and Libya ( 150, 000 Italians settled in Libya, constituting about 18 % of the total population ).

Furthermore, his troops in East Africa had the Italians under pressure and at the end of March his forces in Eritrea under William Platt won the decisive battle of the campaign at Keren which led to the occupation of the Italian colonies in Ethiopia and Somaliland.

The Italians had a small naval squadron based at Asmara, Eritrea, called the Red Sea Flotilla.

After December 1941, some Italians launched a limited guerrilla war in Ethiopia and Eritrea that lasted until the summer of 1943 when Italy left the war, ( see Armistice with Italy ).

Originally the railway was built by the Italians in order to connect Massawa and Asmara, the main cities of Italian Eritrea.

Both sides sought Ethiopian support: the Central Powers wanted the Ethiopians to drive the Italians out of Eritrea.

On January 18 and January 19, 1941, the British launched offensives against the Italians: Cunningham's force from Kenya into Italian Somaliland and southern Ethiopia and to the north Platt's divisions from the Sudan into Eritrea.

The Asmara-Massawa Cableway was built by the Italians in 1938 in Eritrea, with the work done by the Ceretti and Tanfani Italian engineering firm.