In 1226 Syrian geographer Yaqut al-Hamawi visited al-Ludd and stated it was part of the Jerusalem District during Ayyubid rule.

Map of Jerusalem as it appeared in the years 958 – 1052, according to Arab geographer s such as al-Muqaddasi

The former was noted by French geographer Guerin as being 40 minutes away from Jerusalem, a short distance south of the Qidron Valley.

* Al-Maqdisi, medieval Arab geographer born in Jerusalem

* David Benvenisti, ( 1897-1993 ), from Salonica and Jerusalem, Israeli educator and geographer, Israel Prize recipient.

Interestingly, al-Muqaddasi derives his name from the Arabic name for Jerusalem, Bayt al-Muqaddas, which is linguistically equivalent to the Hebrew Beit Ha-Mikdash, the Holy House.

The first, termed Proto-Isaiah ( chapters 1 – 39 ), contains the words of the 8th-century BCE prophet with 7th-century BCE expansions ; the second, Deutero-Isaiah ( chapters 40 – 55 ), is the work of a 6th-century BCE author writing near the end of the Babylonian captivity ; and the third, the poetic Trito-Isaiah ( chapters 56 – 66 ), was composed in Jerusalem shortly after the return from exile, probably by multiple authors.

Elements of the Oral Torah were committed to writing and edited by Judah HaNasi in the Mishnah in 200 CE ; much more of the Oral Torah were committed to writing in the Babylonian and Jerusalem Talmuds, which were edited around 600 CE and 450 CE, respectively.

If written by James the Just, the place and time of the writing of the epistle would be Jerusalem, where James resided before his martyrdom in 62.

Paul was about to travel to Jerusalem on writing the letter, which matches Acts where it is reported that Paul stayed for three months in Greece.

Beit Lehi also contains the oldest known Hebrew writing of the word “ Jerusalem ” It's written as the inscription “ I am YHWH thy Lord.

Aside from these, thereafter there is no eyewitness to events in Jerusalem until William of Tyre, archbishop of Tyre and chancellor of Jerusalem, who began writing around 1167 and died around 1184, although he includes much information about the First Crusade and the intervening years from the death of Fulcher to his own time, drawn mainly from the writings of Albert of Aix and Fulcher himself.

In the year 1113 during the reign of Baldwin II of Jerusalem, according to Ali of Herat ( writing in 1173 ), a certain part over the cave of Abraham had given way, and " a number of Franks had made their entrance therein ".

According to Horowitz, the quality of the writing indicates that this was a royal inscription, apparently a letter from the a king of Jerusalem to the pharaoh in Egypt.

She lived the last part of her life in Jerusalem, where she focused on writing her own literature.

The criticism relates to Friedman's substantive views as well as his writing style " Driving Drunk in Jerusalem " ( March 2010 ), " B. E., Before Egypt.

Since the majority of the Biblical prophets were writing at a time when was mostly Jewish, and the Temple in Jerusalem was still functioning, they wrote as if those institutions would still be in operation during the prophesied events.

In Jerusalem, he continued writing, and 5 more works were completed.

According to Armenian historian Movses Khorenatsi writing in c. 482 AD, Tigranes captured Jerusalem and deported Hyrcanus to Armenia, however most scholars deem this account to be incorrect.

Nor should the Biblical texts be taken to represent the beliefs of all Jews or Christians at the time they were put into writing: the majority of those making up Hebrew Bible or Old Testament in particular represent the beliefs of only a small segment of the ancient Israelite community, the members of a late Judean religious tradition centered in Jerusalem and devoted to the exclusive worship of Yahweh.

Hegesippus in his fifth book of his Commentaries, writing of James, says " After the apostles, James the brother of the Lord surnamed the Just was made head of the Church at Jerusalem.

Al-Biruni ( writing at the beginning of the eleventh century CE ) said that the '" real Sabians '" were " the remnants of the Jewish tribes who remained in Babylonia when the other tribes left it for Jerusalem in the days of Cyrus and Artaxerxes.

Asked why he did not leave Jerusalem for Tel Aviv, he later said, “ Tel Aviv was not radical enough – only the kibbutz was radical enough .” However by his own account he was “ a disaster as a laborer ... the joke of the kibbutz .” When Oz first began to write, the kibbutz gave him one day a week to write ; when his book “ My Michael ” became a best-seller, and he had become “ a branch of the farm ”, three days ; and in the eighties he had four days for writing, while teaching for two days and taking turns as a waiter in the kibbutz dining hall on Saturdays .”

Pliny the Elder, writing of Herod's achievements, called Jerusalem " the most famous by far of the Eastern cities and not only the cities of Judea.

Scofield writing in the 1900s said that, in those last days, the Bible predicts the return of the Jews to the Holy Land and particularly to Jerusalem.

On his website, Shamir states that, after dropping out of law studies at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem some time after the Yom Kippur War, he took up journalism and writing.

Also writing in the Jerusalem Post, Larry Derfner, defended the UNESCO position.

The performance of his play The Jerusalem Syndrome, in January 1988, led to widespread protests across the whole country, whereupon Sobol resigned from his post as artistic director and turned to devoting himself exclusively to writing.

Some scholars believe that the picture of Jerusalem which Zephaniah gives indicates that he was active prior to the religious reforms of King Josiah which are described in 2 Kings 23.

As the Kingdom of God described in the New Testament and particularly the Book of Revelation, Heaven is a new or restored earth, a World to Come, free of sin and death, with a New Jerusalem led by God, Jesus, and the most righteous of believers starting with 144, 000 Israelites from every tribe, and all others who received salvation living peacefully and making pilgrimages to give glory to the city.

A third theory is that Galatians 2: 1-10 describes Paul and Barnabas ' visit to Jerusalem described in Acts 11: 30 and 12: 25.

While accepting that Paul's apostolic anointing was likely only recognized by the Apostles in Jerusalem during the events described in Gal.

Chapter 5 deals with a visit to Jerusalem, and chapter 7 opens with Jesus again in Galilee since " he would not walk in Jewry, because the Jews sought to kill him " — a consequence of the incident in Jerusalem described in chapter 5.

The events were described by the Jewish leader / historian Josephus, including the desperate defence of Jotapata, the siege of Jerusalem ( 69 – 70 CE ) and heroic last stand at Masada under Eleazar ben Yair ( 72 – 73 CE ).

The Hasmonean kingdom was a conscious attempt to revive the Judah described in the Bible: a Jewish monarchy ruled from Jerusalem and stretching over all the territories once ruled by David and Solomon.

( Painter page 136 ) Painter points out that as described in the Antiquities of the Jews ( Book 20, Chapter 9, 2 ) Ananus was bribing both Albinus and Jesus the son of Damnaeus so that his men could take the tithes of other priests outside Jerusalem, to the point that some of whom then starved to death.

It was above aqueducts and pools, at a flattened, desert site, halfway up the hill to the Herodium, 12 kilometers south of Jerusalem — as described in Josephus's writings.

The menorah ( ) is described in the Bible as the seven-branched ancient lampstand made of gold and used in the portable sanctuary set up by Moses in the wilderness and later in the Temple in Jerusalem.

Together with her siblings Lazarus and Martha, she is described as living in the village of Bethany near Jerusalem.

Following a pattern set in the first congregation of Christians in Jerusalem described in the Book of Acts in the New Testament, the church is governed by presbyters ( a term and category that includes elders and Ministers of Word and Sacrament, historically also referred to as " ruling or canon elders " because they measure the spiritual life and work of a congregation and ministers as " teaching elders ").

After the completion of the temple, Solomon is described as erecting many other buildings of importance in Jerusalem ; for the long period of 13 years he was engaged in the building of a royal palace on Ophel ( a hilly promontory in central Jerusalem ); Solomon also constructed great works for the purpose of securing a plentiful supply of water for the city, and the Millo ( Septuagint, Acra ) for the defense of the city.

Some scholars historians argue that Solomon's apparent initial devotion to YHWH, described in passages such as his dedication prayer (), were written much later, after Jerusalem had become the religious centre of the kingdom, replacing locations such as Shiloh and Bethel.

* Koren Sacks Siddur ( Hebrew-English ), Koren Publishers Jerusalem: based on latest Singer's prayer book, above ( described as the first siddur to " pose a fresh challenge to the ArtScroll dominance.

Its Jewish influence until the 20th century has led to it being described as the “ Jerusalem of Lita " and Napoleon named it " the Jerusalem of the North " as he was passing through in 1812.

Between Cyrus and Darius, an exchange of letters with King Ahasuerus and Artaxerxes is described ( chapter 4, verse 7 ), the grandson of Darius I, in whose reign Ezra and Nehemiah came to Jerusalem.

Her father, popularly known as " Good King René " was Duke of Anjou and titular King of Naples, Sicily and Jerusalem ; he has been described as " a man of many crowns but no kingdoms ".

After the Ascension the apostles are described as returning to Jerusalem from the mount that is called Olivet, which is near Jerusalem, within a Sabbath day's journey.

They point out that in Acts 21 Jewish believers in Jerusalem are described as " zealous for Torah ", and that Paul himself never stopped being observant.