* Hilberg, Raul, The Destruction of the European Jews, Yale University Press, 2003, revised hardcover edition, ISBN 0-300-09557-0

Lanzmann also interviews Holocaust historian Raul Hilberg, who discusses the historical significance of Nazi propaganda against the European Jews and the Nazi invention of the Final Solution.

In The Destruction of the European Jews, Raul Hilberg writes, " There were ... instances when the Germans actually had to step in to restrain and slow down the pace of the Romanian measures.

Historian Raul Hilberg estimates that between 1941 and 1945 the Einsatzgruppen and the SS killed more than 1. 3 million Jews, Gypsies, and Soviet political commissars in open-air shootings.

The Destruction of the European Jews is a book published in 1961 by historian Raul Hilberg.

Hilberg also goes on to claim that Nora Levin heavily borrowed from The Destruction without acknowledgment in her 1968 The Holocaust: The Destruction of European Jewry, and that historian Lucy Davidowicz not only ignored The Destructions findings in her 1975 The War against the Jews, 1933 – 1945 but also went on to exclude mention of him, along with a galaxy of other leading Holocaust scholars, in her 1981 historiographic work, The Holocaust and the Historians.

Hilberg argued that " The reaction pattern of the Jews is characterized by almost complete lack of resistance ... he documentary evidence of Jewish resistance, overt or submerged, is very slight ..." Hilberg attributed this lack of resistance to the Jewish experience as a minority: " In exile, the Jews ... had learned that they could avert danger and survive destruction by placating and appeasing their enemies ...

Thus over a period of centuries the Jews had learned that in order to survive they had to restrain from resistance ..." Yad Vashem's scholars, including Josef Melkman and Nathan Eck, did not feel that Hilberg's characterizations of Jewish history were correct, but they also felt that by using Jewish history to explain the reaction of the Jewish community to the Holocaust, Hilberg was suggesting that some responsibility for the extent of the destruction fell on the Jews themselves, a position that they found unacceptable.

Another important factor for this hostility by many in the Jewish community ( including some Holocaust survivors ) is that Hilberg refused to view the vast majority of Jewish victims ' " passivity " as a form of heroism or resistance ( in contrast to those Jews who actively resisted, waging armed struggle against the Nazis ).

" Hilberg calculated the economic value of Jewish slave labor to the Nazis as being several times the entire value of confiscated Jewish assets and used this as evidence that the Nazis valued killing Jews above all economic considerations.

Additionally, Hilberg estimated the total number of Germans killed by Jews during World War II as less than 300, an estimate that is not conducive to an image of heroic struggle.

" According to Hilberg, his own approach was crucial for grasping the Nazi genocide of Jews as a process.

Nazi Germany's persecution of Jews, Hilberg argued, began relatively mildly through political-legal discrimination and the appropriation of Jewish assets ( 1933 – 39 ).

The final stage, Hilberg concluded, was the destruction itself, the continental annihilation of European Jews ( 1941 – 45 ).

While monographic studies of particular aspects of the Final Solution, utilizing archival sources and court records not available to Hilberg before 1961, have extended our knowledge in many areas, The Destruction of the European Jews still stands as the preeminent synthesis, the book that put it all together in the framework of an overarching and unified analysis.

It was his discovery of part of Hitler's crated private library in Munich, which he stumbled across while quartered in the Braunes Haus, that prompted his research into the Holocaust, a term for the genocidal destruction of the Jews which Hilberg personally disliked, though in later years he himself used it.

The young Hilberg interrupted the lecture to ask why the recent murder of 6 million Jews did not figure in Rosenberg's assessment.

" Hilberg was amazed by this highly educated, German-Jewish emigrant passing over the genocide of European Jews in order to expound on Napoleon and the occupation of Spain.

Hilberg demurred on the grounds that his interest lay in the perpetrators, and thus he would not begin with the Jews who were their victims, but rather with what was done to them.

Hilberg is best known for his influential study of the Holocaust, The Destruction of the European Jews.

Parallels between Acts and Josephus ' The Wars of the Jews ( written in 75-80 ) and Antiquities of the Jews ( c. 94 ) have long been argued.

Other scholars have suggested that Hebrews is part of an internal New Testament debate between the extreme Judaizers ( who argued that non-Jews must convert to Judaism before they can receive the Holy Spirit of Jesus ' Jewish covenant ) versus the extreme Antinomians ( who argued that Jews must reject God's commandments and that Jewish law was no longer in effect ).

The conflict developed because Jewish Christians and Jews argued with one another over the validity of Jesus as the Messiah, see also Rejection of Jesus.

In his Addresses to the German Nation ( 1808 ), a series of speeches delivered in Berlin under French occupation, he urged the German peoples to " have character and be German "-- entailed in his idea of Germanness was antisemitism, since he argued that " making Jews free German citizens would hurt the German nation.

Modern Orthodox Judaism developed in reaction to Reform Judaism, by leaders who argued that Jews could participate in public life as citizens equal to Christians, while maintaining the observance of Jewish law.

Some historians have argued that Stalin was also planning to send millions of Jews to four large newly built labor camps in Western Russia using a " Deportation Commission " that would purportedly act to save Soviet Jews from an engraged Soviet population after the Doctors Plot trials.

" Still he was a supersessionist and argued that the Jews are a rejected people who must embrace Jesus to re-enter the covenant.

In it, he argued that Jews misread their own scriptures because they miss the unity of the Old and New Testaments.

In August 1941, when the question of whether to deport foreign Jews living in Germany arose, Ribbentrop argued against deportation as a way of maximizing the Foreign Office's influence.

However, John A. T. Robinson and other scholars argued for a much earlier dating, based on the fact that the New Testament writings make no mention of ( 1 ) the Great Fire of Rome ( A. D. 64 ), one of the most destructive fires in Roman history, which Emperor Nero blamed on the Christians, and led to the first major persecution of believers ; ( 2 ) the final years and deaths of Paul, who wrote most of the epistles, Peter, whom Catholics recognize as the first pope, and the other apostles ; ( 3 ) Nero's suicide ( A. D. 68 ); or ( 4 ) the total destruction of the temple in Jerusalem ( A. D. 70 ), which Robinson thought should certainly have appeared, considering the importance of that event for Jews and Christians of that time.

Irenaeus, wrote of 2nd century believers with the gift of prophecy, while Justin Martyr argued in his Dialogue with Trypho that prophets were not found among the Jews in his time, but that the church had prophets.

Josephus argued that while the Greeks recognized three types of government: monarchy, aristocracy, and anarchy, the Jews were unique in that they had a system of government that did not fit into those categories.

It has been argued that John's descriptions of the Jews ought to be read in context of the persecution of Christians in the New Testament.

Critics argued that Stein was killed because she was Jewish by birth, rather than for her later Christian faith, and that, in the words of Daniel Polish, it seemed to " carry the tacit message encouraging conversionary activities " because " official discussion of the beatification seemed to make a point of conjoining Stein's Catholic faith with her death with ' fellow Jews ' in Auschwitz ".

In Ceremonial Chemistry ( 1973 ), he argued that the same persecution which has targeted witches, Jews, Gypsies or homosexuals now targets " drug addicts " and " insane " people.

Some commentators, such as Rabbi Hayim Palaggi ( 1788 – 1869 ) argued that Jews had lost the tradition of distinguishing Amalekites from other people, and therefore the commandment of killing them could not practically be applied ("... We can rely on the maxim that in ancient times, Sennacherib confused the lineage of many nations.

Moreover, they argued that all Jews should study in local synagogues, because Torah is " the inheritance of the congregation of Jacob " ( Deut.

He argued that Jewish emancipation resulting from German liberalism had allowed the Jews to control German finance and industry.

Dan Juster of Tikkun, and Russ Resnik of the UMJC, have argued against the One Law movement's insistence on Gentiles being required to observe the entirety of Torah in the same way as Jews.

"< ref > Bernd Nellessen, " Die schweigende Kirche: Katholiken und Judenverfolgung ," in Büttner ( ed ), < cite > Die Deutschen und die Judenverfolgung im Dritten Reich </ cite >, p. 265, cited in Daniel Goldhagen, < cite > Hitler's Willing Executioners </ cite > ( Vintage, 1997 ).</ ref > Diarmaid MacCulloch argued that Luther's 1543 pamphlet On the Jews and Their Lies was a " blueprint " for the Kristallnacht.

While deploring the assassination, they argued that Grynszpan had been driven to his act by the Nazi persecution of German Jews and of his family in particular.

In an interview with Australian radio in July 1995, Irving claimed that at least four million Jews died in World War II, through he argued that this was due to terrible sanitary conditions inside the concentration camps as opposed to a delibrate policy of genocide in the death camps.