Hans Egede's Hope Colony was organized under the auspices of the Bergen Greenland Company prior to its bankruptcy in 1727 ; it was succeeded by the merchant Jacob Severin ( 1733 – 1749 ), the General Trade Company ( Det almindelige Handelskompagni ; 1749 – 1774 ), and finally the Royal Greenland Trading Department ( KGH ; 1776 – 1908 ).

The GTC folded in 1774 and was replaced by the Royal Greenland Trade Department ( Kongelige Grønlandske Handel, KGH ), which recognized that the island possessed neither fertile farmland nor easily-accessible mineral wealth and that income would be dependent on the whaling and seal-hunting trade with the native Inuit.

The report outlined a program to end the KGH model and establish a modern welfare state on the Danish model and supported by Denmark.

The KGH had long opposed urbanization of the Kalaallit Greenlanders, but during the 1950s and 1960s the Danish government introduced an urbanization and modernization program aimed at consolidating existing settlements.

After government-funded whaling failed, the KGH eventually settled on maintaining the native Greenlanders in their traditional pursuits of hunting and whaling and enforced a monopoly on trade between them and Europe.

As a legal concept, its origins in Britain were from a reaction to printers ' monopolies at the beginning of the 18th century.

In 2009, the state monopolies on insurance and telecommunications ( in which one often needed to wait months to get a cellular phone line ) were opened to private-sector competition.

For Keynes, monopolies were.

The Afghan monarchs were eager to develop the stature of government and the country's military capability, and so attempted to raise money by the imposition of state monopolies on the sale of commodoties and high taxes.

Ogilvie ( 2011 ) says they regulated trade for their own benefit, were monopolies, distorted markets, fixed prices, and restricted entrance into the guild.

Leicester's lands in Warwickshire were worth between £ 500 –£ 700 but Leicester's power and wealth, including monopolies and grants of new lands, depended ultimately on his remaining a favourite of the queen.

This act also forbade without Parliament's consent, Ship money, fines in destraint of knighthood and forced loans were declared unlawful, monopolies were cut back severely, and the Courts of Star Chamber and High Commission were abolished by the Habeas Corpus Act 1640 and the Triennial Act 1641.

Industries were organized into guilds and monopolies, and production was regulated by the state through a series of over a thousand directives outlining how different products should be produced.

Government-controlled monopolies were common, especially before the English Civil War, but were often controversial.

Industrial regulations, monopolies and tariffs were withdrawn.

Planned privatizations of key parastatals, primarily telecommunications and transportation monopolies, were launched to help improve a dilapidated and unreliable infrastructure.

In the United Kingdom Parliament, private bills were used in the nineteenth century to create corporations, grant monopolies and give individuals attention to be more fully considered by the parliament.

These reforms were aimed at eliminating most state monopolies, simplifying taxes and customs duties, curtailing public employment, and privatizing major state enterprises.

These government monopolies were repealed during the Eastern Han period, and the lost revenue was recouped through heavily taxing private entrepreneurs.

The liquor monopoly lasted only from 98 to 81 BCE, and the salt and iron monopolies were eventually abolished in early Eastern Han.

The government monopolies were eventually repealed when a political faction known as the Reformists gained greater influence in the court.

By Eastern Han times, the central government monopolies were repealed in favor of production by commandery and county administrations, as well as private businessmen.

Many telephone companies were at one time government agencies or privately owned but state-regulated monopolies.

They were often granted monopolies as part of the chartering process.

Both were granted armed ships and full monopolies over trade around their settlements, to prevent better-armed, lower-priced, and better-quality Dutch goods from bankrupting the enterprise.

Prominent merchant families and private businesses were allowed to occupy industries that were not already government-operated monopolies.

In a speech given at the Confederation of Cuban Workers in observance of May Day, Castro declared that the “ just laws of the revolution ended unemployment, put an end to villages without hospitals and schools, enacted laws which ended discrimination, control by monopolies, humiliation, and the suffering of the people .” Although inspiring, many would consider the claim to be premature .”

The economic liberalisation of 1991, initiated by then Indian prime minister P. V. Narasimha Rao and his finance minister Manmohan Singh in response to a balance-of-payments crisis, did away with the Licence Raj and ended many public monopolies, allowing automatic approval of foreign direct investment in many sectors.

The reforms did away with the Licence Raj, reduced tariffs and interest rates and ended many public monopolies, allowing automatic approval of foreign direct investment in many sectors.

Despite competition large areas are now virtual monopolies after competition ended, and in general fares rise steeply after the end of a bus war, whilst passenger numbers and drivers wages and service standards fall.

The economic liberalisation of 1991, initiated by then Indian prime minister P. V. Narasimha Rao and his finance minister Manmohan Singh, did away with investment, industrial and import licensing and ended many public monopolies, allowing automatic approval of foreign direct investment in many sectors.

The PND also ended several government monopolies whose possible negative social impact was expected to be countered by the increased competition.

In response, Rome turned up the pressure, demanding that Tirana name Italians to direct the Gendarmerie ; join Italy in a customs union ; grant Italy control of the country's sugar, telegraph, and electrical monopolies ; teach the Italian language in all Albanian schools ; and admit Italian colonists.

The early modern era was one of letters patent and government-imposed monopolies ; some mercantilists supported these, but others acknowledged the corruption and inefficiency of such systems.

Natural monopolies arise where the largest supplier in an industry, often the first supplier in a market, has an overwhelming cost advantage over other actual or potential competitors ; this tends to be the case in industries where fixed costs predominate, creating economies of scale that are large in relation to the size of the market, as is the case in water and electricity services.

" The superiority of reward is not here the consequence of competition, but of its absence: not a compensation for disadvantages inherent in the employment, but an extra advantage ; a kind of monopoly price, the effect not of a legal, but of what has been termed a natural monopoly ... independently of ... artificial monopolies grants by government, there is a natural monopoly in favour of skilled labourers against the unskilled, which makes the difference of reward exceed, sometimes in a manifold proportion, what is sufficient merely to equalize their advantages.

Of course this theorem is considered irrelevant by economists who do not believe that general equilibrium theory correctly predicts the functioning of market economies ; but it is given great importance by neoclassical economists and it is the theoretical reason given by them for combating monopolies and for antitrust legislation.

During the Vietnam War Era, Turner ’ s business prospered ; it “ had virtual monopolies in Savannah, Macon, Columbus, and Charleston ” and was “ the largest outdoor advertising company in the Southeast ,” according to " It Ain ’ t As Easy As It Looks ".

This is only possible in former British colonies and Mozambique ; former French colonies continue to maintain tight monopolies, inherited from their former colonialist masters, on cotton purchases at low fixed prices.

Moreover, infrastructure services carry the market-distorting features of pure, non-rival public goods ; network externalities ; natural monopolies ; and the common resource problem such as congestion and overuse.

Castro, the Castro regime institutionalized it ; Castro's state-run monopolies, cronyism, and lack of accountability turned Cuba into one of the world's most corrupt states.

In approving the breakup the Supreme Court added the " rule of reason ": not all big companies, and not all monopolies, are evil ; and the courts ( not the executive branch ) are to make that decision.

In the meantime, the remaining farmers became capitalist farmers operating more and more on a commercial basis ; and gradually, legal monopolies preventing trade and investment by entrepreneurs were broken up.

Some of their most prominent reforms are trust-busting ( the destruction and banning of monopolies ), the creation of laws protecting the American consumer, the creation of a federal income tax ( by the Sixteenth Amendment ; the income tax used a progressive tax structure with especially high taxes on the wealthy ), the establishment of the Federal Reserve, and the institution of shorter working hours, higher wages, better living conditions, better rights and privileges to trade unions, protection of rights of strikers, banning of unfair labor practices, and the delivery of more social services to the working classes and social safety nets to many unemployed workers, thus helping to facilitate the creation of a welfare state in the United States and eventually in most developed countries.

The 1621 Parliament began an investigation into monopolies and other abuses in England and extended it later to Ireland ; in this first session, Buckingham was quick to side with the Parliament to avoid action being taken against him.

Over time, this system became more and more problematic ; instead of temporary monopolies on specific, imported industries, long-term monopolies came about over more common commodities, including salt and starch.

These " odious monopolies " led to a showdown between the Crown and Parliament, in which it was agreed in 1601 to turn the power to administer patents over to the common law courts ; at the same time, Elizabeth revoked a number of the more restrictive and damaging monopolies.

The classic argument for copyright is the view that granting developers temporary monopolies over their works encourages further development and creativity by giving the developer a source of income ; normally copyright is enforced within a framework of Berne convention, instigated by Victor Hugo and signed in 1886.

Many of Europe's major elites also found advantages in formal, overseas expansion: large financial and industrial monopolies wanted imperial support to protect their overseas investments against competition and domestic political tensions abroad ; bureaucrats wanted and sought government offices ; military officers desired promotion ; and the traditional but waning landed gentries sought increased profits for their investments, formal titles, and high office.