" On the basis of the existing name records, a number of scholars suggest that the Huns spoke a Turkic language of the Oghur branch, which also includes Bulgar, Avar, Khazar and Chuvash languages.

The Khazar language spoken by the Khazars is also referred to as Khazarian, Khazaric, or Khazari.

Few examples of the Khazar language exist today, mostly in names that have survived in historical sources.

Sarkel ( or Sharkil, literally white house in Khazar language ) was a large limestone-and-brick fortress built by the Khazars with Byzantine assistance in the 830s.

The account of his life presented in the Latin " Legenda " claims that he learned the Khazar language while in Chersonesos, in Taurica ( today Crimea ).

Since the comparative material attributable to the extinct members of Oghuric ( Hunnic, Turkic Avar, Khazar and Bulgar ) is scant, little is known about any precise interrelation of these languages and it is a matter of dispute whether Chuvash, the only " Lir "- type language with sufficient extant linguistic material, might be the daughter language of any of these or just a sister branch.

Many authorities suppose that Hunnic may have been mainly Turkic or a close relation of Turkic, possibly a member of the Oghuric branch of the Turkic language family, to which Bulgar, Khazar, Turkic Avar and Chuvash also probably belong.

The letter contains the only written record of the Khazar language extant today-the single word-phrase " I have read ( it ).

From roughly the 7th through the 10th centuries AD Yevpatoriya was a Khazar settlement ; its name in Khazar language was probably Güzliev ( literally " beautiful house ").

Khazar was the Turkic language spoken by the Khazars, a semi-nomadic Turkic people from Central Asia.

The 10th-century Kievan letter contains the only extant record of the Khazar language, the so-called " runiform recognitio ", interpreted as the single word-phrase " I have read ( it ).

Extant texts written in the Khazar Khaganate during the 10th century are primarily in the Hebrew language.

Khazar was a Turkic language, however, different scholars take different views whether it belonged to the Oghur (" lir ") or the Oghuz (" shaz ") branch of the language family.

The Oghuric origin hypothesis for the Khazar language has been disputed since the 1990s, by authors suggesting that the Khazar language was a standard, " Shaz "- style Common Turkic language.

Khalga and Kaban were two Khazar Khagans listed in the Cäğfär Taríxı, a Tatar language book purporting to be a history of the early Turkic peoples.

" This appears to be a sign of approval from a Khazar magistrate.

He appears only in the account of the Byzantine court historians Kedrenos and John Skylitzes, who place him at Kerch and calls him " khagan " ( the title of the Khazar emperors ).

" This appears to be a sign of approval from a Khazar magistrate.

Dr Simon Kraiz, an expert on Eastern European Jewry at the University of Haifa, pointed out that no Khazar writings have been found: " We know a lot about them, and yet we know almost nothing: Jews wrote about them, and so did Russians, Georgians, and Armenians, to name a few.

He may have self-consciously modelled himself on his namesake, Justinian I, as seen in his enthusiasm for large-scale construction projects and the renaming of his Khazar wife with the name of Theodora.

After the overthrow of the Khazarian kingdom by Sviatoslav I of Kiev ( 969 ), Khazar Jews may have fled in large numbers to the Crimea, the Caucasus, and the Russian principality of Kiev which was formerly a part of the Khazar territory.

After his father's death, Asparuh would have acknowledged the rule of his older brother Bat Bayan, but the state disintegrated under Khazar attack in 668, and he and his brothers parted ways, leading their people to seek a more secure home in other lands.

In recent years Kumyk nationalists such as Salau Aliev have agitated for Kumyk dominance within Daghestan, citing Khazar history as their inspiration.

Empty circles depict other major cities. New Sarai ( called Sarai-al-Jadid on coins ) was at modern Kolobovka, formerly Tsarev, an archeological site also on the Akhtuba channel 85 km east of Volgograd, and about 180 km northwest of Old Sarai or, maybe on the site of Saqsin ( which may have itself been built on the site of the Khazar capital, Atil ).

There is evidence in the manuscript of " ex eventu knowledge of the Khazar invasion of Armenia in A. D. 629 ," which suggests that the manuscript must have been burdened with additions by a redactor sometime around 629 AD.

It is one of the few documents known to have been authored by a Khazar, and one of the very few primary sources on Khazar history.

His ignorance of the Khazar state is odd, and may even have been disingenuous, given Joseph's statements to the effect that there had been communications between the two communities in the past.

At least some Khazar rabbinical students appear to have studied in Spain.

Karadach ( Karidachos ) was a warlord of the Akatziroi ( who some have linked to the later Khazar Khaganate ) during the reign of Attila.

This peculiar form of governance (‘ dual kingship ’) is generally supposed to have been imitative of the Khazar Khaganate, which did indeed have a similar organization.

Khazar scholars sometimes refer to the king who led the Khazar conversion to Judaism as " Bulan Sabriel ", though it is conceivable that they may have been different people.

Historians have only been able to piece together an incomplete picture of Khazar society and chronology of its history.

Some historian have taken the view that the Khazar Correspondence, the Schechter Letter, and the Mandgelis Document are works of fiction or forgeries.

Romanus, a persecutor of the Jews, may have been seeking to counter Khazar retaliation for his policies.

They may have been a remnant of the Khazar people.

Although the power of the Khazar Khaganate had been broken by the Kievan Rus ' in the 960s, the Byzantines had not been able to fully exploit the power vacuum and restore their dominion over the Crimea and other areas around the Black Sea.

Following the Diaspora, and aided by the Khazar state, a Jewish element had been added to the population, and Jewish communities developed in all the cities of the region ( especially Tanais ) of " worshipers of the highest God ," apparently professing a monotheism without being distinctively Jewish or Christian.

There has been speculation that Yehuda Ha-Levi based the Kuzari on surviving Jewish accounts, no longer extant, of the Khazar conversion, or at least on conversations with Khazars living in Spain.

It has been suggested that " Iluetuer " is actually a corruption of the Khazar title " elteber ", or client-ruler, suggesting that this people was subordinate to the Khazars from at least the mid to late 7th century.

Kubrat's Dulo might have been a cousin tribe to the royal Ashina clan from which the Khazar Kaghans claimed descent since they all used the same Tamga.

From the Karaite Jewish point of view, due to the proselytes and mixed marriages common in communities of Karaims ( e. g. with Khazars ) which had long been prohibited in Karaite Jewish communities, even the Turkish Karaite Jews considering " Khazar " Karaims and Karaylar as non-Jews at best or otherwise bastards.

In 913, the Arsiyah ambushed a Viking fleet that had been granted passage to the Caspian Sea by the Khazar government, wiping out thousands of Rus warriors.