Details about the three of Joktan's sons, Sheba, Ophir and Havilah, were preserved in a tradition known in divergent forms from three pre-Islamic Arabic and Ethiopic sources: the Kitab al-Magall ( part of Clementine literature ), the Cave of Treasures, and the Conflict of Adam and Eve with Satan.

The Kitab al-Magall states that in the days of Reu, a king of Saba ( Sheba ) named " Pharoah " annexed Ophir and Havilah to his kingdom, and " built Ophir with stones of gold, for the stones of its mountains are pure gold.

According to an early Arabic work known as Kitab al-Magall or the Book of Rolls ( part of Clementine literature ), Harran was one of the cities built by Nimrod, when Peleg was 50 years old.

An early Arabic work known as Kitab al-Magall or the Book of Rolls ( part of Clementine literature ) states that Nimrod built the towns of Hadâniûn, Ellasar, Seleucia, Ctesiphon, Rûhîn, Atrapatene, Telalôn, and others, that he began his reign as king over earth when Reu was 163, and that he reigned for 69 years, building Nisibis, Raha ( Edessa ) and Harran when Peleg was 50.

350 ) contains an account of Nimrod very similar to that in the Kitab al-Magall, except that Nisibis, Edessa and Harran are said to be built by Nimrod when Reu was 50, and that he began his reign as the first king when Reu was 130.

This tradition appears in numerous older sources, including the Kitab al-Magall, the Conflict of Adam and Eve with Satan, the Cave of Treasures, and the writings of Patriarch Eutychius of Alexandria.

The meaning of the earth being divided is usually taken to refer to a patriarchal division of the world, or possibly just the eastern hemisphere, into allotted portions among the three sons of Noah for future occupation, as specifically described in the Book of Jubilees, Biblical Antiquities of Philo, Kitab al-Magall, Flavius Josephus, and numerous other antiquarian and mediaeval sources, even as late as Archbishop Ussher, in his Annals of the World.

* Kitab al-Magall, or the Book of the Rolls-part of Arabic Clementine literature

Details about the three of Joktan's sons, Sheba, Ophir and Havilah, were preserved in a tradition known in divergent forms from three pre-Islamic Arabic and Ethiopic sources: the Kitab al-Magall ( part of Clementine literature ), the Cave of Treasures, and the Conflict of Adam and Eve with Satan.

Kitab al-Magall: " He died in the days of Reu, and the third thousand since Adam was completed.

In his Kitab al-Asrar ( Book of Secrets ), the physician and chemist Razi described two methods for the production of kerosene, termed naft abyad (" white naphtha "), using an apparatus called an alembic.

Discovered by scholar Nabia Abbott in 1948, it bears the title Kitab Hadith Alf Layla (" The Book of the Tale of the Thousand Nights ") and the first few lines of the book in which Dinazad asks Shirazad ( Scheherazade ) to tell him stories.

The game does not appear in literature until late in the 10th century when the author Abu al-Faraj al-Isfahani mentioned Qirkat in his 24 volume work Kitab al-Aghani (" Book of Songs ").

Sa ' adya's Emunoth ve-Deoth (" Beliefs and opinions ") was originally called Kitab al-Amanat wal-l ' tikadat (" Book of the Articles of Faith and Doctrines of Dogma "); it was the first systematic presentation and philosophic foundation of the dogmas of Judaism, completed at Sura Academy in 933 CE.

Another translation, or rather paraphrase, of the " Kitab al-Amanat ," of uncertain authorship, is contained in several manuscripts ( the most important being MS. Vatican 266 ); large portions of this rendering were edited by Gollancz (" The Ethical Treatises of Berachyah ," London, 1902 ; comp.

# Kitab al-qibla wa ' l-ziwal (" Book of Astral Orientations ")

He wrote many poetry anthologies, such as the Kitab al -' Asa (" Book of the Staff "), Lubab al-Adab (" Kernels of Refinement "), and al-Manazil wa ' l-Diyar (" Dwellings and Abodes "), and collections of his own original poetry.

For modern readers, however, he is most well known for his Kitab al-I ' tibar (" Book of Learning by Example " or " Book of Contemplation "), which contains lengthy descriptions of the crusaders, whom he visited on many occasions, and some of whom he considered friends, although he generally saw them as foreign barbarians.

Around 1171 in Hisn Kayfa, Usama wrote the Kitab al -' Asa (" Book of the Staff "), a poetry anthology about famous walking sticks and other staffs, and al-Manazil wa ' l-Diyar (" Dwellings and Abodes ").

Only one of al-Waqidi's works has survived-" Kitab al-Tarikh wa al-Maghazi " (" Book of History and Campaigns ") which describes the campaigns or more accurately " Battles " ( Arabic " Ghrazwat ") made by Prophet Muhammad while he was resident of Medina.

The Tablet has also been found appended to manuscripts of the Kitab Ustuqus al-Uss al-Thani ( Second Book of the Elements of Foundation ) attributed to Jabir ibn Hayyan, and the Kitab Sirr al-Khaliqa wa San ` at al-Tabi ` a (" Book of the Secret of Creation and the Art of Nature "), dated between 650 and 830 AD.

In astrology, noted for making predictions and having written the Kitab bulugh al-umniyya (" On the Attainment of Desire "), a work concerning the heliacal risings of Sirius, and on predictions concerning what day of the week the Coptic year will start on.

In Secretum Secretorum (" Secret of Secrets ", in Arabic Kitab sirr al-asrar ), an encyclopedic Arabic treatise on a wide range of topics such as statecraft, ethics, physiognomy, alchemy, astrology, magic and medicine, Alexander appears as a speaker and subject of wise sayings and as a correspondent with figures such as Aristotle.

In 1105 al-Sulami published his treatise, Kitab al-Jihad (" Book of the Holy War "), and preached his ideas from the Great Mosque in Damascus.

Ibn al-Faqih's early 10th century Kitab al-Buldan (" Book of the Countries ") mentions them, but much of ibn al-Faqih's information was derived from ibn Khordadbeh's work.

The Kitab al-Huda (" The Book of Guidance ") is a collection of canons and laws, of liturgical rules and short theological treatises dealing with Trinitarian and Christological problems.

al-Farghani wrote Kitab fi Jawani (" A compendium of the science of stars ").

He is best known for the Kitab al-Anqih (" Book of Exact Investigation "), which is divided into two parts the Kitab al-luma (" Book of the Many Coloured Flower Beds ") and the Kitab al usul Book of the Roots.

* Kitab al-Shifa ( The Book of Healing ).

* Kitab al-Najat ( The Book of Salvation ), trans.

F. Rahman, Avicenna's Psychology: An English Translation of Kitab al-Najat, Book II, Chapter VI with Historical-philosophical Notes and Textual Improvements on the Cairo Edition, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1952.

Illustration from Kitab al-aghani ( Book of Songs ), 1216-20, by Abu al-Faraj al-Isfahani, a collection of songs by famous musicians and Arab poets.

Although he wrote poetry, also an anthology of verses on the monasteries of Mesopotamia and Egypt, and a genealogical work, his fame rests upon his Book of Songs ( Kitab al-Aghani ).

Kitab al-Aghani ( Book of Songs ), a collection of poems and songs with the stories of the composers and singers in many volumes from the oldest epoch of Arabic literature down to the 9th cent.

Wilfred Cantwell Smith traced the story from a 2nd to 4th century Sanskrit Mahayana Buddhist text, to a Manichee version, which then found its way into Muslim culture as the Arabic Kitab Bilawhar wa-Yudasaf ( Book of Bilawhar and Yudasaf ), which was current in Baghdad in the 8th century.

Books on the subject included the Naturalis Historia of Pliny the Elder, which not only described many different minerals but also explained many of their properties, and Kitab al Jawahir ( Book of Precious Stones ) by Muslim scientist Al Biruni.

According to Toufic Fahd, around the 9th century, Al-Dinawari, an Iranian Kurdish naturalist, wrote the Kitab al-Nabat ( Book of Plants ), in which he deals with the application of meteorology to agriculture during the Muslim Agricultural Revolution.

In the early 11th century, Alhazen ( Ibn al-Haytham ) wrote the Book of Optics ( Kitab al-manazir ) in which he explored reflection and refraction and proposed a new system for explaining vision and light based on observation and experiment.

* Publication of The Book of Healing ( Arabic: کتاب الشفاء Kitab Al-Shifaʾ, Latin: Sufficientia ), a comprehensive scientific and philosophical encyclopedia written by the Persian polymath Avicenna ( Abū ʿAlī ibn Sīnā ).

One of his most prominent achievements is his book, Kitab Ash-Shatranj ( Book of Chess ), which was the first scientific book ever written on chess strategy.

In 1 of his 4 schemes, in his 2-volume Kitab al-musiki al-kabir ( Big Music Book, or Big Book of Music ) he identified 5 classes, in order of ranking, as follows: the human voice, the bowed strings ( the rebab ) and winds, plucked strings, percussion, and dance, the 1st 3 pointed out as having continuous tone.

Ibn Sina, Persian scholar of the 11th century, presented a scheme in his Kitab al-najat ( Book of the delivery ), making the same distinction, having 2 classes.

In his Kitab al-shifa ( Book of soul healing ), he proposed another taxonomy, this one having 5 classes: fretted instruments, unfretted ( open ) stringed, lyres and harps, bowed stringed, wind ( reeds and some other woodwinds, such as the flute and bagpipe ), other wind instrumets such as the organ, and the stick-struck santur ( a board zither ).

Dante Alighieri's Divine Comedy, considered the greatest epic of Italian literature, derived many features of and episodes about the hereafter directly or indirectly from Arabic works on Islamic eschatology: the Hadith and the Kitab al-Miraj ( translated into Latin in 1264 or shortly before as Liber Scale Machometi, " The Book of Muhammad's Ladder ") concerning Muhammad's ascension to Heaven, and the spiritual writings of Ibn Arabi.

The Book of Healing ( Arabic: کتاب الشفاء Kitab Al-Shifaʾ, Latin: Sufficientia ) is a scientific and philosophical encyclopedia written by Abū Alī ibn Sīnā ( Avicenna ) from Asfahana, near Bukhara in Greater Persia.

The first detailed studies on the subject of historiography and the first critiques on historical methods appeared in the works of the Arab Ash ' ari polymath Ibn Khaldun ( 1332 – 1406 ), who is regarded as the father of historiography, cultural history, and the philosophy of history, especially for his historiographical writings in the Muqaddimah ( Latinized as Prolegomena ) and Kitab al-Ibar ( Book of Advice ).