Meinhof also examined other African languages, including groups classified at the time as Kordofanian, Bushman, Khoikhoi, and Hamitic.

The Kordofanian languages are a geographic grouping of half a dozen language families spoken in the Nuba Mountains of Kordofan Province, Sudan.

Many classifications continue to place Kordofanian as the most distant branch, but mainly due to negative evidence ( fewer lexical correspondences ), rather than positive evidence that the other languages form a valid genealogical group.

An important unresolved issue in determining the time and place where the Niger – Congo languages originated and their range prior to recorded history is this language family's relationship to the Kordofanian languages spoken now spoken in the Nuba mountains of Sudan, which is not contiguous with the remainder of the Niger – Congo language speaking region and is at the northeasternmost extent of the current Niger – Congo linguistic region.

The current prevailing linguistic view is that Kordofanian languages are part of the Niger – Congo linguistic family, and that these may be the first of the many languages still spoken in that region to have been spoken in the region.

The Kordofanian languages are spoken by a small minority in southern Kurdufan and are unique to the region, as are the Kadu languages, but Arabic is the main and most widely spoken language in the Greater Kurdufan Region.

: Main: Index: Kordofanian languages

Most of the Nuba peoples speak one of the many languages in the geographic Kordofanian languages group of the Nuba Mountains.

# redirect Kordofanian languages

# redirect Kordofanian languages

The Tagoi language is a Kordofanian language, closely related to Tegali, spoken near the town of Rashad in southern Kordofan in Sudan, about 12 N, 31 E. Unlike Tegali, it has a complex noun class system, which appears to have been borrowed from more typical Niger – Congo languages.

* The Kordofanian languages of South Kordofan in southern Sudan.

For his influences, Quijada cites the “ morpho-phonology of Abkhaz verb complexes, the moods of verbs of certain American Indian languages, the aspectual system of Niger – Kordofanian languages, the nominal case systems of Basque and Dagestanian languages, the enclitic system of the Wakashan languages, the positional orientation systems Tzeltal and Guugu Yimidhirr, the Semitic triliteral root morphology, and the hearsay and possessive categories of Suzette Elgin's Láadan language ”.

Finally, he assigned the non-Nilo-Saharan languages of the Nuba Hills of Kordofan to a single subfamily ( Kordofanian ), which together with Niger – Congo formed a new phylum, Congo – Kordofanian.

The Kadu, Kadugli – Krongo, or Tumtum languages are a small language family, once included in Kordofanian but since Thilo Schadeberg ( 1981 ) widely seen as Nilo-Saharan.

Other branches lacking any trace of the noun-class system are Dogon and Ijaw, whereas the Talodi branch of Kordofanian does have cognate noun classes, suggesting that Kordofanian is also not a unitary group.

Kordofanian was thought to be one of several primary branches rather than being coordinate to the phylum as a whole, prompting re-introduction of the term Niger – Congo, which is in current use among linguists.

" According to him, the root can also be found in Nilo-Saharan, Niger – Kordofanian, Afroasiatic, Eurasiatic, Dené – Caucasian, Austric, and Amerind.

According to him, similar forms can also be found outside Indo-Pacific in Australian, Nilo-Saharan, Niger – Kordofanian, Afroasiatic, Eurasiatic, Dravidian, Austric, and Amerind, although its meaning has changed significantly in some of these families.

These subtribes intermarried with Bidaria and Mosabaat and other Kordofanian tribes.

Similarly, they adopted a way of cultivation, crop tending, and harvesting similar to those other Kordofanian tribes.

In 1963 Joseph Greenberg added them to the Niger – Congo family, creating his Niger – Kordofanian proposal.

Kordofanian and Niger – Congo: new and revised lexical evidence.

Just before these articles were collected in final book form ( The Languages of Africa ) in 1963, he amended his classification by adding Kordofanian as a branch co-ordinate with Niger – Congo as a whole ; consequently, he renamed the family Congo – Kordofanian, later Niger – Kordofanian.

They comprise all of Niger – Congo but Mande, Dogon, Ijoid, and part of Kordofanian.

: I. Congo – Kordofanian

This is generally accepted, with the exception of the " Tumtum " group, although it is unclear whether Kordofanian or Mande was the first branching.

A survey of Kordofanian.

Their lifestyle closely resembles the Kordofanian tribes.

Notably their Hawazma Arabic Accent is inclined to include Kordofanian Arabic accents.

If Russian pupils have to take these languages, how come American students have a choice whether or not to take a language, but have to face so many exceptions??

The great majority of present-day linguists fall into one or more of a number of overlapping types: those who are convinced that tone cannot be analysed, those who are personally scared of tone and tone languages generally, those who are convinced that tone is merely an unnecessary marginal feature in those languages where it occurs, those who have no idea how to proceed with tone analysis, those who take a simplistic view of the whole matter.

There are more stems per item in Athabascan, which expresses the fact that the Athabascan languages have undergone somewhat more change in diverging from proto-Athabascan than the Yokuts languages from proto-Yokuts.

Among these languages, only Khmer, Vietnamese, and Mon have a long-established recorded history, and only Vietnamese and Khmer have official status ( in Vietnam and Cambodia, respectively ).

Austro-Asiatic languages have a disjunct distribution across India, Bangladesh and Southeast Asia, separated by regions where other languages are spoken.

* The Omotic language branch is the most controversial member of Afroasiatic, since the grammatical formatives which most linguists have given greatest weight in classifying languages in the family " are either absent or distinctly wobbly " ( Hayward 1995 ).

European alphabets, especially Latin and Cyrillic, have been adapted for many languages of Asia.

The basic ordering of the Latin alphabet ( ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ ) is well established, although languages using this alphabet have different conventions for their treatment of modified letters ( such as the French é, à, and ô ) and of certain combinations of letters ( multigraphs ).

The pronunciation of a language often evolves independently of its writing system, and writing systems have been borrowed for languages they were not designed for, so the degree to which letters of an alphabet correspond to phonemes of a language varies greatly from one language to another and even within a single language.

Some national languages like Finnish, Turkish, Serbo-Croatian ( Serbian, Croatian and Bosnian ) and Bulgarian have a very regular spelling system with a nearly one-to-one correspondence between letters and phonemes.

For example, while most of today's Altaic languages have vowel harmony, Proto-Altaic as reconstructed by Starostin et al.

All of these methods remain to be applied to the languages attributed to Altaic with the same degree of focus and intensity they have been applied to the Indo-European family ( e. g. Mallory 1989, Anthony 2007 ).

The German dialects of South Tyrol have been influenced by local Romance languages, in particular with many loan words from Italian, and Ladin.

The term may be common to Italo-Celtic, because the Celtic languages have terms for high mountains derived from alp.

Other languages, such as Thai Sign Language, developed as a creole of ASL and indigenous sign ; a similar situation may have occurred with Malaysian Sign Language, which in turn was the base of Indonesian Sign Language.

The contributors at Ill Bethisad have made two constructed languages: Brithenig and Wenedyk.

But, such complete secret languages are rare, because the speakers usually have some public language in common, on which the argot is largely based.

Some elements of Aboriginal languages have been adopted by Australian English — mainly as names for places, flora and fauna ( for example dingo ) and local culture.

They have been translated into over 35 languages and are performed on stage and television throughout the world.