* Member of the Royal Society, London ( foreign ), London Optical Society ( honorary ), Konigliche Akademie der Wissenschatten zu Göttingen ( corresponding ), Accademia dei Lincei, Rome ( foreign ), Russian Academy of Science, Leningrad, American National Academy of Science, Academy of Arts and Sciences, Philosophical Society, Physical Society, Royal Institutions, London ( honorary ), London Physical Society ( honorary fellow ), Royal Swedish Academy, Stockholm ( foreign ), Indian Association for Science, Calcutta ( foreign ).

One reason for the transfer was to be closer to his coach, Grandmaster Semyon Furman, who lived in Leningrad.

At the same time, Malenkov was accused of being involved in the Leningrad Affair which led to the deaths of innocent party officials.

" I was intrigued by the exchange in one of the opening scenes where the Warden says to Snake ' You flew the Gullfire over Leningrad, didn't you?

In June 1938, the Soviet Jet Propulsion Research Institute ( RNII ) in Leningrad was authorized by the Main Artillery Directorate ( GAU ) to develop a multiple rocket launcher for the RS-132 aircraft rocket ( RS for, ' rocket-powered shell ').

He was the Head of Leningrad Police between 1917 and 1918.

Failing to prevent the Germans from surrounding Leningrad however, he was dismissed from that post and replaced by the far abler Georgy Zhukov on 8 September 1941.

Radek was expelled from the Party in 1927 after helping organise an independent demonstration on the 10th anniversary of the October Revolution with Grigory Zinoviev in Leningrad.

At the end of the war, the most likely successor seemed to be Andrei Zhdanov, party leader in Leningrad during the war, who was in charge of all cultural matters by 1946.

In the Soviet Union, Vladislav Ivanov filed ( in 1960 ) a document with the USSR State Committee for Inventions and Discovery at Leningrad for a Magnetic Resonance Imaging device, although this was not approved until the 1970s.

On only one occasion, during the military history of the Soviet Union, the Narodnoe Opolcheniye was incorporated into the regular forces of the Red Army, notably in Leningrad and Moscow.

John Carpenter's Escape from New York ( 1981 ) influenced the novel ; Gibson was " intrigued by the exchange in one of the opening scenes where the Warden says to Snake ' You flew the Gulfire over Leningrad, didn't you?

More importantly, Sergey Kirov, a Leningrad party leader, was emerging as popular leader of the moderates.

However, Kirov was assassinated in Leningrad in December 1934, and his death was used by Stalin as a pretext to launch the Great Purge, in which about a million people were to perish as Stalin eliminated all past and potential opposition to his authority.

Operation Barbarossa was to combine a northern assault towards Leningrad, a symbolic capturing of Moscow, and an economic strategy of seizing oil fields in the south beyond Ukraine.

In their calculations they concluded that there was little danger of a large-scale retreat of the Soviet army into the Russian interior, as it could not afford to give up the Baltic states, the Ukraine, or the Moscow and Leningrad regions, all of which were vital to the Red Army for supply reasons and would thus have to be defended.

Army Group North was to march through the Baltics into northern Russia, and either take or destroy the city of Leningrad ( now Saint Petersburg ).

Another German failure was the Siege of Leningrad, in which the city was fully blockaded on land between 1941 – 44 by German and Finnish forces, suffering starvation and more than a million deaths, but never surrendering.

The most important siege was the Siege of Leningrad, that lasted over 29 months, about half of the duration of the entire Second World War.

Along with the Battle of Stalingrad, the Siege of Leningrad on the Eastern Front was the deadliest siege of a city in history.

Around 1927, the virtuoso's situation brightened ; he had exciting commissions from Diaghilev and made concert tours in Russia ; in addition, he enjoyed a very successful staging of The Love for Three Oranges in Leningrad ( as Saint Petersburg was then known ).

Another commission, from the Kirov Theater in Leningrad, was the ballet Romeo and Juliet.

Before his death in 1989, Leone was part way through planning a film on the Siege of Leningrad during World War II.

While finishing work on Once Upon a Time in America in 1982, Leone was impressed with Harrison Salisbury's non-fiction book The 900 Days: The Siege of Leningrad, and he planned on adapting the book as a war epic.

Thus, basic elements of the Leningrad school – namely, a higher art education establishment of a new type and a unified professional union of Leningrad artists, were created by the end of 1932.

This was created due to the lack of high explosive 45mm ammunition inside Leningrad due to the siege, so some T-26 tanks were rearmed with 37mm or 76mm guns for which a reliable source of ammunition was available.

While developing his theory on the centres of origin of cultivated plants, Vavilov organized a series of botanical-agronomic expeditions, collected seeds from every corner of the globe, and created in Leningrad the world's largest collection of plant seeds.

* Novgorod Army Operational Group, an operational manoeuvre group created on the 13 August 1939 in the Leningrad Military District, Russia

Vologda Oblast, which has included the easternmost districts of Leningrad Oblast ( former Cherepovets Governorate ), was created in 1937.

On 18 April the Soviet forces were ordered to the defense, a new 3rd Baltic Front was created to coordinate operations near Narva and Govorov's Leningrad Front turned attention to the north.

In 1940, a new company in his own name was created in Leningrad.

During the Siege of Leningrad in 1941-1942, the authorities created gallantine from 2, 000 tons of mutton guts that had been found in the seaport, and later, calfskin, to feed the starving residents of Leningrad.

Leningrad Institute of Finance and Economics ( LFEI ) was created on the basis of the restructured economic faculty of Saint Petersburg Politechnical Institute on the 3 of June 1930.

Budyonny Military Academy of Communications () was created in 1932 in Leningrad.

The Military Academy of Rear Services and Transportation (: ru: Военная академия тыла и транспорта имени А. В. Хрулёва ) was created in 1918 in Leningrad.

Dzerzhinsky Military Academy () was created in 1932 in Leningrad

The current world record for women is held by Galina Chistyakova of the former Soviet Union who leapt in Leningrad on June 11, 1988, a mark that has stood for 24 years.

Just before the beginnings of the fall of the Soviet Union, after a concert in Tallinn, Estonia, on November 15, 1988, Norman and his brother Charles, and the Finnish band Q-Stone were scheduled to play a show in Leningrad.

After two further short films, " Thru the Wire " ( 1987 ) and " L. A. Woman " ( 1988 ), Kaurismäki decided to direct a feature film about them, Leningrad Cowboys Go America ( 1989 ).

In October 1938, Mravinsky took up the post that he was to hold until 1988: principal conductor of the Leningrad Philharmonic Orchestra, with whom he had made his debut as a conductor in 1931.

Mravinsky died in Leningrad in 1988, aged 84.

Leningrad: Лениздат, 1988.

Leningrad: Лениздат, 1988.

From 1966 to 1988 she was a staff member of the Institute of Theoretical Astronomy at Leningrad.

After graduation from Star City high school in 1986, Romanenko entered the Leningrad Suvorov military school, from which he graduated in 1988.

Razuvaev's tournament wins included Dubna 1978, Polanica-Zdrój 1979, London 1983, Dortmund 1985, Jūrmala 1987, Pula 1988, Protvino 1988, Reykjavik 1990, Leningrad 1992, Tiraspol 1994, Reggio Emilia 1996 and San Sebastian 1996.

From 1983 to 1984, and again from 1988 to 1990 Illarionov taught for the International Economic Relations Department of Leningrad State University.

* 1988: White Nights And Jazz In Leningrad ( Taylor-Made )