Its retreat formed Littorina Sea, which water level was some 7 – 9 meters higher than the present level of the Baltic Sea.

Its retreat formed the Littorina Sea, the water level of which was some 7 – 9 metres higher than the present level of the Baltic Sea.

In the north of the Karelian Isthmus, the Littorina Sea united by a wide strait with Lake Ladoga.

At the end of that time rising Kattegat levels broke into the Ancylus lake, creating the Littorina Sea.

The modern topography was shaped by the glacier retreat some 12, 000 years ago which created the Littorina Sea.

Due to steady post-glacial rebound it became connected with the mainland during the early Littorina Sea stage.

Retreat of the Ice Age glacier formed Littorina Sea.

The major outline of the coasts in the southern area of the Baltic Sea were formed by the Littorina transgression, about 7, 000 to 2, 500 years ago.

The modern topography was shaped by the glacier retreat some 12, 000 years ago which created the Littorina Sea.

The Ertebølle culture falls within the Atlantic climate period and the Littorina Sea phase of the Baltic Sea basin ; that is, climate was warmer and moister than today, deciduous forests covered Europe, and the Baltic was at higher levels than today, and was a salt sea, rather than a brackish one or a lake.

These animals for the most part were common in the Littorina Sea but are not found in the Baltic Sea now.

Littorina has given its name to the Littorina Sea, the geologic precursor of the Baltic Sea.

The Ancylus age is followed by formation of the Littorina Sea and the Litorina Stage ( named after the Littorina littorea mollusc ) at around 6200 BC.

Littorina Sea around 7000 years BP.

Littorina Sea ( also Litorina Sea ) is a geological brackish-water stage of the Baltic Sea, which existed around 7500 – 4000 BP and followed the Mastogloia Sea, transitional stage of the Ancylus Lake.

With the abundance of PCR technology, primers that flank microsatellite loci are simple and quick to use, but the development of correctly functioning primers is often a tedious and costly process. A number of DNA samples from specimens of Littorina plena amplified using polymerase chain reaction with primers targeting a variable simple sequence repeat ( SSR, a. k. a. microsatellite ) locus.

It is one of the few railway systems still in existence ( excluding tourist railways ) using equipment like the 1930s Italian-built ' Littorina ' railcars behind 1930s-vintage Mallet steam locomotives.

In Scotland, the word " whelk " is also used to mean the periwinkle ( Littorina littorea ), family Littorinidae.

The English name periwinkle is shared with the related genus Catharanthus ( and also with the common seashore mollusc, Littorina littorea ).

Littorina is a genus of small sea snails, marine gastropod molluscs in the family Littorinidae, the winkles or periwinkles.

In Europe there are about nine species in this genus, one of which is the rough periwinkle, Littorina saxatilis ( Olivi, 1792 ).

Another closely related ( supposed ) species Littorina tenebrosa ( Montagu 1802 ) was thought to be distinct because of its different ecological requirements, but current studies have shown that it is not at all clear whether the two are indeed separate species or whether L. tenebrosa is perhaps merely an ecotype ( an ecological form ) of L. saxatilis.

* Littorina angulifera is a synonym for Littoraria angulifera ( Lamarck, 1822 )

* Littorina striata is a synonym for Tectarius striatus ( King & Broderip, 1832 )

* Littorina ziczac is a synonym for Echinolittorina ziczac ( Gmelin, 1791 )

The common periwinkle or winkle, Littorina littorea, is a species of small edible sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk that has gills and an operculum, and is classified within the family Littorinidae, the periwinkles.

* Littorina littorea ( Linnaeus, 1758 ), common periwinkle

** Common periwinkle ( Littorina littorea )

** Rough periwinkle ( Littorina saxatilis )

For example, Microphallus piriformes parasitizes the rough periwinkle ( Littorina saxatilis ); when these are eaten by herring gulls it infects the bird and lays its eggs in the bird's feces to infect new periwinkles.

* Littorina obtusata ( Linnaeus, 1758 ), flat periwinkle

* Littorina saxatilis ( Olivi, 1792 ), rough periwinkle

* Littorina scutulata Gould, 1849, checkered periwinkle

Phlorotannins in Fucus vesiculosus act as chemical defences against the marine herbivorous snail Littorina littorea.

* Periwinkle Littorina littorea

Their diet includes a variety of crustaceans ( including the crabs Carcinus maenas and Pilumnus hirtellus, the porcelain crabs Porcellana platycheles and Pisidia longicornis, and the squat lobster Galathea squamifera ) and molluscs ( including the gastropods Nucella lapillus and Littorina littorea, and the bivalves Ensis, Mytilus edulis, Cerastoderma edule, Ostrea edulis and Lutraria lutraria ).

" The veliger larva of Hydrobia ulvae with observations on the veliger of Littorina littorea ( Mollusca: Prosobranchia )".

Phlorotannins in Ascophyllum nodosum act as chemical defenses against the marine herbivorous snail, Littorina littorea.

As a result of its robust nature, Littorina littorea can be highly variable in phenotype with several different morphs present.

Littorina littorea.

* Littorina littorea ( mollusc ) from the Invasive Species Specialist Group website of the World Conservation Union

es: Littorina littorea

it: Littorina littorea