On Arundel's advice, Henry obtained from Parliament the enactment of De heretico comburendo in 1401, which prescribed the burning of heretics ; this was done mainly to suppress the Lollard movement.

The idea that each distinct congregation fully constitutes the visible Body of the church can, however, be traced to John Wycliffe and the Lollard movement, which followed Wycliffe's removal from teaching authority in the Roman Catholic Church.

He founded the Lollard movement, which opposed a number of practices of the Church.

" The Lollard movement continued with his pronouncements from pulpits even under the persecution that followed with Henry IV up to and including the early years of the reign of Henry VIII.

These were both more cogent than the Lollard tenets, and sought to stay the Lollard movement by setting aside ecclesiastical infallibility, and taking the appeal to Scripture and reason alone.

In addition to its great importance in the history of the Lollard movement the Represser has an exceptional interest as a model of the English of the time, Pecock being one of the first writers to use the vernacular.

These Bible translations were the chief inspiration and chief cause of the Lollard movement, a pre-Reformation movement that rejected many of the distinctive teachings of the Roman Catholic Church.

Wycliffe was the inspiration for what would become the Lollard movement, which was considered heretical by the Church.

John Wycliffe ( 1320s – 1384 ), the founder of the reformist Lollard movement, argued against the power of the Pope over England: " Already a third and more of England is in the hands of the Pope.

In the English language, the first known use of the term is in Andrew of Wyntoun's Orygynale Cronykil of Scotland, " He was a constant Catholic / All Lollard he hated and heretic.

The historical Oldcastle was unlike Falstaff ; in particular, he was a Lollard who was executed for his beliefs, and he was respected by many Protestants as a martyr.

The new name " Falstaff " probably derived from the medieval knight Sir John Fastolf ( who was also a Lollard ).

The term " Lollard " refers to the followers of John Wycliffe, a prominent theologian who was dismissed from the University of Oxford in 1381 for criticism of the Church, especially his doctrine on the Eucharist.

Lollard, Lollardi or Loller was the popular derogatory nickname given to those without an academic background, educated if at all only in English, who were reputed to follow the teachings of John Wycliffe in particular, and were certainly considerably energized by the translation of the Bible into the English language.

Sir John Oldcastle, a close friend of King Henry V ( and the basis for Falstaff in the Shakespearean history Henry IV ) was brought to trial in 1413 after evidence of his Lollard beliefs was uncovered.

The extent of Lollardy in the general populace at this time is also unknown, but the prevalence of Protestant iconoclasm in England suggests Lollard ideas may still have had some popular influence if Zwingli was not the source, as Lutherans did not advocate iconoclasm.

As late as 1414, there were rumours that the Herefordshire-based Lollard leader, Sir John Oldcastle, was communicating with Owain and reinforcements were sent to the major castles in the north and south.

The lady in charge of his upbringing was Blanche Herbert Lady Troy, whose ancestors had residual Lollard connections.

When the Kentish rebels arrived at Blackheath on 12 June, the renegade Lollard priest, John Ball, preached a sermon including the famous question that has echoed down the centuries: " When Adam delved and Eve span, who was then the gentleman?

John Badby ( died 1410 ), one of the early Lollard martyrs, was a tailor ( or perhaps a blacksmith ) in the west Midlands, and was condemned by the Worcester diocesan court for his denial of transubstantiation.

The College was founded on 13 October 1427 by Richard Fleming, then Bishop of Lincoln, to combat the Lollard teachings of John Wyclif.

In 1521 seven Lollard dissenters ( William Tylsworth, John Scrivener, Thomas Barnard, James Morden, Robert Rave, Thomas Holmes and Joan Norman ) were burned at the stake in Amersham A memorial to them was built in 1931 and is inscribed as follows: " In the shallow of depression at a spot 100 yards left of this monument seven Protestants, six men and one woman were burned to death at the stake.

Andrew Wyntoun is most famous for his completion of an eight-syllabled metre entitled, Orygynale Cronykil of Scotland, which contains an early mention of Robin Hood ; it is also cited by the Oxford English Dictionary as the earliest work in English to use the word " Catholic ": modernized " He was a constant Catholic ;/ All Lollard he hated and heretic.

The idea was found in a radical form in Lollard thought.

In 1532 Thomas Harding was burnt at the stake in the town for being a Lollard and heretic.

Sir John Oldcastle ( died 14 December 1417 ), English Lollard leader, was son of Sir Richard Oldcastle of Almeley in northwest Herefordshire and grandson of another Sir John Oldcastle.

Oldcastle was no doubt the instigator of the abortive Lollard plots of 1416, and appears to have intrigued with the Scots also.

The similarity between Lollards and later English Protestant groups such as the Baptists, Puritans, and Quakers also suggests some continuation of Lollard ideas through the Reformation.

Like other subjects of Elizabethan history plays, Sir John Oldcastle was an actual person, a soldier and Lollard dissenter who was hanged and burned for heresy and treason in 1417 — thus earning himself a place in the seminal text of the Protestant Reformation in Tudor England, John Foxe's Book of Martyrs.

Monasticism in the Protestant tradition proceeds from John Wycliffe who organized the Lollard Preacher Order ( the " Poor Priests ") to promote his reformation views.

# Three other possibilities for the derivation of Lollard have been suggested:

John Oldcastle | Sir John Oldcastle being burnt for insurrection and Lollard heresy.

A variety of other martyrs for the Lollard cause were executed during the next century, including the Amersham Martyrs in the early 1500s and Thomas Harding who died in 1532, one of the last Lollards to be persecuted.

Ancestors of Blanche Parry ( the closest person to Queen Elizabeth I for 56 years ) and of Lady Troy ( who raised Edward VI and Elizabeth I ) had Lollard connections.

* The Lollard Society — society dedicated to providing a forum for the study of the Lollards

The Tudors otherwise rejected or suppressed other religious notions, whether for the Pope's award of Fidei Defensor or to prevent them from being in the hands of the common laity, who might be swayed by cells of foreign Protestants, with whom they had conversation as Marian exiles, pursuing a strategy of containment which the Lancastrians had done ( after being vilified by Wat Tyler ), even though the phenomenon of " Lollard knights " ( like John Oldcastle ) had become almost a national sensation all on its own.

In common with the majority of communities in Buckinghamshire, Chesham's Lollard heritage and puritan traditions ensured it would vehemently resist King Charles I demand for Ship Money a tax on tradesmen and landowners.

Lollardy had many supporters in Herefordshire, and Oldcastle himself had adopted Lollard opinions before 1410, when the churches on his wife's estates in Kent were laid under interdict for unlicensed preaching.

John Oldcastle being burnt for insurrection and Lollard heresy

The tradition that Langland was a Wycliffite, an idea promoted by Robert Crowley's 1550 edition of Piers and complicated by early Lollard appropriation of the Plowman-figure ( see, for instance, Pierce the Ploughman's Crede and The Plowman's Tale ), is almost certainly incorrect.

The Stapletons were " Lollard knights " and were Lords of the Manor of Bedale for generations.

The Lollard theologian John Wycliffe ( d. 1384 ) is by tradition said to have been prebend of Aust and to have preached there, yet Baker ( 1901 ) was unable to find any record of such an appointment in the diocesan registers at Worcester, which see held Aust for many centuries.

The main sources for his scholarship are the book Lancastrian Kings and Lollard Knights, his Ford Lectures from 1953 published in 1980 as The Nobility of Later Medieval England, and the essays and shorter articles published by his student G. L. Harriss in 1981 under the title England in the Fifteenth Century.

Sir John Oldcastle being burnt for Lollard heresy and insurrection.

( There were several trials for Brut, a Welsh Lollard, from 1391-1393.