Later, Yangshao culture was superseded by the Longshan culture, which was also centered on the Yellow River from about 3000 BC to 2000 BC.

The rammed earth construction of these walls was an inherited tradition, since much older fortifications of this type have been found at Chinese Neolithic sites of the Longshan culture ( c. 3000 – 2000 BC ).

Unlike the later Longshan culture, the Yangshao culture did not use pottery wheels in pottery making.

Image: CMOC Treasures of Ancient China exhibit-black pottery goblet. jpg | Black eggshell pottery of the Longshan culture ( c. 3000 – 2000 BC )

While it was long thought that the Chinese had developed the blast furnace and cast iron as their first method of iron production, Donald Wagner ( the author of the above referenced study ) has published a more recent paper that supersedes some of the statements in the earlier work ; the newer paper still places the date of the first cast-iron artifacts at the 4th and 5th centuries BC, but also provides evidence of earlier bloomery furnace use, which migrated in from the West during the beginning of the Chinese Bronze Age of the late Longshan culture ( 2000 BC ).

The leading hypothesis is that the likely homeland of proto-Tai – Kadai was coastal Fujian or Guangdong as part of the neolithic Longshan culture ( of 3000 BCE – 2000 BCE ).

During this time, two cultures had emerged near the mountain, the Dawenkou culture to the south and the Longshan culture to the north.

* Longshan culture

Unlike the later Longshan culture, the Yangshao culture did not use pottery wheels in pottery-making.

The Longshan culture is named after the town of Longshan in the east of the area under the administration of the city of Jinan, Shandong Province, where the first archaeological find ( in 1928 ) and excavation ( in 1930 and 1931 ) of this culture took place at the Chengziya Archaeological Site.

Black eggshell pottery of the Longshan culture

Jadeware produced during Longshan culture, now collected in Shandong Museum

The distinctive feature of the Longshan culture was the high level of skill in pottery making, including the use of pottery wheels.

The Longshan culture was noted for its highly polished black pottery ( or egg-shell pottery ).

Life during the Longshan culture marked a transition to the establishment of cities, as rammed earth walls and moats began to appear ; the site at Taosi is the largest walled Longshan settlement.

Image: Dragon on Longshan Temple. JPG | Chinese Dragon on Longshan Temple.

The presence of both round and square shapes in the Puyang tomb, at Hongshan ceremonial centers and the late Longshan settlement at Lutaigang, suggests that gaitian cosmography ( heaven-round, earth-square ) was present in Chinese society long before it appeared in the Zhou Bi Suan Jing.

Mengjia Longshan Temple () was built in Taipei in 1738 by settlers from Fujian, China.

Toward the end of the Longshan culture, the population decreased sharply ; this was matched by the disappearance of high-quality black pottery found in ritual burials.

The early period of the Longshan culture is considered to be 3000 to 2600 BC, while the late period is 2600 to 2000 BC.

* Longshan culture, late Neolithic culture, centred on the central and lower reaches of the Yellow River

Archaeological sites reveal that prehistoric cultures such as the Yangshao Culture and Longshan Culture were active in what is now northern Henan since the Neolithic Era.

Evidence of the early use of rammed earth has been seen in Neolithic archaeological sites of the Yangshao and Longshan cultures along the Yellow River in China, dating back to 5000 BCE.

The Neolithic population in China reached its peak during the Longshan culture.

It is a clear indication that neolithic agricultural sub-groups of the greater Longshan Culture had spread out across ancient boundaries of China.

Eleven characters found at Dinggong in Shandong, China on a pottery sherd, Longshan culture

A variety of geographic regions of China are involved among the various sub-periods of the Longshan civilisation, particularly for the Late Longshan period.

The Longshan Temple, built in 1738 and located in the Wanhua District, demonstrates an example of architecture with southern Chinese influences commonly seen on older buildings in Taiwan.

A Fenghuang on the roof of Mengjia Longshan Temple | Longshan Temple in Taipei

Here are the primitive caves of 25, 000 years ago, the overlapping strata of the Yangshao Culture, Longshan Culture and Xiaotun Culture, the memorial mausoleums of ancient Emperor Zhuanxu and Emperor Ku over 4, 000 years ago, the first library of inscriptions on bones and tortoise shells, the Soul Spring Temple, known as the " First Ancient Buddhist Temple in Henan ", and 10, 000-Buddha Ravine, as well as unique Wenfeng Pagoda, Xiuding Temple Pagoda and Mingfu Temple Pagoda.

Ye ( 1995 ) focuses on the Northern variety of Xinghuo Village 星火村, Miao ' ertan Township 苗儿滩镇 ( formerly Miaoshi 苗市 ), Longshan County 龙山县.

Brassett ( 2006 ) based their Tujia data primarily on the variety of Tasha Township 他砂乡, Longshan County, and also partly from Pojiao Township 坡脚乡 and Dianfang Township 靛房乡.

The Tujia-speaking areas of Longshan County are mostly located around the Xiche River 洗车河.

For example the middle reaches of the Jing River and Wei River evince settlement known as the Shaanxi Longshan.

Another well-known panoramic view is from Longshan ( Mt Long ), where the famous ancient poet Su Shi ( 1037 – 1101 ) once wrote a poem.

The Erlitou culture may have evolved from the matrix of Longshan culture.

Built in 1738, Mengjia Longshan Temple | Longshan Temple is one of the oldest temples in the city.

The Dongyi nationality, one of the important origins of the Chinese nation, lived here and created the Dawenkou, Longshan and Dongyeshi cultures.

The Chinese routine of the Cups and Balls is often called " The Immortal Sowing Beans ", it originated in ancient agricultural society as early as the Longshan Culture Period, pre-Shang Dynasty ( before 1600 B. C .).

Dali's newly finished administrative district that houses the newly opened Dali International Convention Center is in Longshan District.

The district is home to historic buildings such as Longshan Temple, Taipei's oldest temple, and the Red House Theater, the first and largest teahouse and playhouse in Taiwan.

Central Wanhua is known for its historical sites ( like Longshan Temple ), traditional shopping, and local snacks.

Mengjia Longshan Temple | Longshan Temple is Taipei's oldest temple.

Longshan is seen as an emblematic example of Taiwanese classical architecture, with southern Chinese influences commonly seen in older buildings.

Image: Longshan Temple panorama. jpg | Panorama view of the outer courtyard of Longshan Temple.