The area became a focal point of conflict between Christianity and Islam between 1096 and 1291 and from the end of the Crusades until the British conquest in 1917 was part of the Syrian province of first the Mamluk Sultanate of Egypt and then ( from 1517 ) the Ottoman Empire.

The peninsula was governed as part of Egypt under the Mamluk Sultanate of Egypt from 1260 until 1517, when the Ottoman Sultan, Selim the Grim, defeated the Egyptians at the Battles of Marj Dabiq and al-Raydaniyya, and incorporated Egypt into the Ottoman Empire.

* Timur defeats both the Ottoman Empire and the Mamluk Sultanate of Egypt to capture the city of Damascus in present-day Syria.

* February 3 – Cairo is captured by the Ottoman Empire ; the Mamluk Sultanate falls.

This notion was developed also during the time of the Mamluk Empire.

This notion was also developed during the time of the Mamluk Empire, as noted above.

The Abbasids ' rule was briefly ended for three years in 1258, when Hulagu Khan, the Mongol khan, sacked Baghdad, resuming in Mamluk Egypt in 1261, from where they continued to claim authority in religious matters until 1519, when power was formally transferred to the Ottoman Empire and the capital relocated to Constantinople.

Ottoman Empire | Ottoman Mamluk heavy cavalry, circa 1550.

The Sultan of the Ottoman Empire Bayezid I then invaded Syria which was regained by the Mamluk sultan Faraj when Timur died in 1405, but continually facing rebellions from local emirs, he was forced to abdicate in 1412.

Mamluk corps were first introduced in the part of the Ottoman Empire that is now Iraq by pasha Hasan of Baghdad in 1702.

The title atabeg was also in use for officers in Mamluk Egypt ; some of them even were proclaimed Sultan before the incorporation into the Ottoman Empire.

In 1254, following events in Cairo and the dissolution of the Ayyubid Empire, Hejaz became a part of the Mamluk Sultanate.

In 1260, the Mamluk sultan Baybars declared the treaty invalid due to the Christians working in concert with the Mongol Empire against the Muslims, and launched a series of attacks on castles in the area, include on Saphet.

By the beginning of the 16th century, the Mamluk dynasty had fallen into decline and the area came under the influence of the Turkish / Ottoman Empire.

Mamluk rule as a vassal of the Ottoman Empire continued in Egypt until 1811.

Following the French invasion of Egypt in 1798 and Napoleon's defeat of Egyptian forces, which consisted largely of the ruling Mamluk military caste, the Ottoman Empire dispatched troops from Rumelia ( the Balkan provinces of the Ottoman Empire ) under the command of Muhammad Ali Pasha to restore the Empire's authority in what had hitherto been an Ottoman province.

After the battle, Portugal rapidly captured key ports in the Indian Ocean like Goa, Ceylon, Malacca and Ormuz, crippling the Mamluk Sultanate of Egypt and the Gujarat Sultanate, greatly assisting the growth of the Portuguese Empire and setting its trade dominance for almost a century, until it was taken during the Dutch-Portuguese Wars and the Battle of Swally won by the British East India Company in 1612.

During his reign, he stabilized the Mamluk state and economy, consolidated the northern boundaries of the Sultanate with the Ottoman Empire, engaged in trade with other contemporaneous polities, and emerged as a great patron of art and architecture.

* Muhammed abul-Nubaj ( 1254 – 1301 ): First Mamluk Sharif after the fall of Ayyubid Empire

A kilij ( from Turkish kılıç, literally " a sword ") is a type of one-handed, single edged and moderately curved saber used by the Turks and related cultures throughout history starting from the late Hsiung-nu period to the time of the Avar Empire and the Göktürk Khaganate, Uyghur Khaganate, Seljuk Empire, Timurid Empire, Mamluk Empire, Ottoman Empire, and the later Turkic Khanates of Central Asia and Eurasian steppes.

Cairo's political influence diminished significantly after the Ottomans supplanted Mamluk power over Egypt in 1517.

Subsequently, the Druze chiefs of the Gharb placed their considerable military experience at the disposal of the Mamluk rulers of Egypt ( 1250 – 1516 ); first, to assist them in putting an end to what remained of Crusader rule in coastal Syria, and later to help them safeguard the Syrian coast against Crusader retaliation by sea.

Having cleared Syria of the Franks, the Mamluk Sultans of Egypt turned their attention to the schismatic Muslims of Syria.

** Mamluk Egypt: 1250 to 1517

Mansa Musa's hajj devalued gold in Mamluk Egypt for a decade.

As with Mamluk Egypt, the Tughlaq Dynasty was a rare vestigial example of Muslim rule in Asia after the Mongol invasion.

The kingdom became little more than a pawn in the politics and warfare of the Ayyubid and Mamluk dynasties in Egypt, as well as the Khwarezmian and Mongol invaders.

On the way back to Egypt, the Mamluk sultan Qutuz was assassinated by the general Baibars, who was far less favourable than his predecessor to alliances with the Franks.

Muslim control of Lebanon was reestablished in the late 13th century under the Mamluk sultans of Egypt.

Selim I conquered the Ottoman – Mamluk War ( 1516 – 1517 ) | Mamluk Sultanate of Egypt, making the Turks the dominant power in the Islamic world.

* 1260 – Saif ad-Din Qutuz, Mamluk sultan of Egypt, is assassinated by Baibars, who seizes power for himself.

Playing cards first entered Europe in the late 14th century, probably from Mamluk Egypt, with suits ( sets of cards with matching designs ) very similar to the tarot suits of Swords, Staves, Cups and Coins ( also known as disks or pentacles ), and which are still used in traditional Italian, Spanish, and Portuguese decks.

He was succeeded by his son Muhammad ibn Badlay who sent envoys to the Sultan of Mamluk Egypt to gather support and arms in the continuing war against the Christian empire.

Playing cards first entered Europe in the late 14th century, probably from Mamluk Egypt, with suits very similar to the tarot suits of Swords, Staves, Cups and Coins ( also known as disks, and pentacles ) and those still used in traditional Italian, Spanish and Portuguese decks.

In 1516, the Mamluks of Egypt annexed Yemen ; but in the following year, the Mamluk governor surrendered to the Ottomans, and Turkish armies subsequently overran the country.

* 1291 — Mamluk Sultan of Egypt al-Ashraf Khalil captures Acre, thus ending the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem ( the final Christian landholding remaining from the Crusades ).

* Hadji II is restored as Mamluk Sultan of Egypt after overthrowing Sultan Barquq.

* Mamluk sultan of Egypt Qalawun signs a 10-year truce with the Crusader city of Acre ; he will violate the truce on pretexts in 1290.

* July 25 – At Aboukir in Egypt, Napoleon defeats 10, 000 Ottoman Mamluk troops under Mustafa Pasha.

Hulagu's campaign sought the subjugation of the Lurs of southern Iran, the destruction of the Hashshashin sect, the submission or destruction of the Abbasid caliphate in Baghdad, the submission or destruction of the Ayyubid states in Syria based in Damascus, and finally, the submission or destruction of the Bahri Mamluk Sultanate of Egypt.

The remains of the Muslim Khwarezmians served in Egypt as Mamluk mercenaries until they were finally beaten by al-Mansur Ibrahim some years later.

Under the Sultan Timurbugha, finally, Qaitbay was appointed atabak, or field marshal of the entire Mamluk army.