Nevertheless, the Manchus adopted the Confucian norms of traditional Chinese government in their rule and were considered a Chinese dynasty.

Freedom was regained in 1510, but Kyrgyz tribes were overrun in the seventeenth century by the Kalmyks, in the mid-eighteenth century by the Manchus, and in the early nineteenth century by the Uzbeks.

Only Manchus belonging to the Upper Three Banners, and selected Han Chinese who had passed the highest level of martial exams were qualified to serve as the emperor's personal bodyguards.

The Manchus were keenly aware of their minority status and during the early eras of their reign, they implemented a strict policy of racial segregation between the Manchus and Han Chinese.

While the Manchus followed the governmental structure of the preceding Ming dynasty, their ethnic policy dictated that appointments were split between Manchu noblemen and Han Chinese officials who had passed the highest levels of the state examinations, and because of the small number of Manchus, this insured that a large fraction of them would be government officials.

The Khitans were later replaced by the Jurchens, precursors to the modern Manchus, who established the Jin Dynasty over Manchuria and northern China.

During the nineteenth century, the Manchus were becoming increasingly sinicized, and faced with the Russian threat, they began to encourage Han Chinese farmers to settle in both Mongolia and Manchuria.

Manchus formed a minority in Manchukuo, whose largest ethnic group were Han Chinese.

Also in the Amur valley a body of Siberian Evenki-speaking people were called Orochen by the Manchus.

These efforts were largely unsuccessful in that Manchus gradually adopted the customs and language of the surrounding Han Chinese and, by the 19th century, spoken Manchu was rarely used even in the Imperial court.

As the end of the Qing Dynasty approached, Manchus were portrayed as outside colonizers by Chinese nationalists such as Sun Yat-Sen, even though the Republican revolution he brought about was supported by many reform-minded Manchu officials and military officers.

There were only a few periods in Chinese history when China fought total wars against foreigners ( most notably the Mongols, Manchus, and Japanese ), whereas all other conflicts were mainly civil wars that led to dynastic changes.

The Manchus were faced with the issue of maintaining loyalty among the people they ruled while at the same time maintaining a distinctive identity.

Over the course of centuries the Manchus were gradually assimilated into the Chinese culture and eventually many Manchus identified themselves as a people of China.

The complexity of the relationship between ethnicity and the Chinese identity ( John McDermond ) can be seen during the Taiping rebellion in which the rebels fought fiercely against the Manchus on the ground that they were barbarian foreigners while at the same time others fought just as fiercely on behalf of the Manchus on the grounds that they were the preservers of traditional Chinese values.

In the late 19th century, Chinese nationalism identified Han with Chinese and argued for the overthrow of the Manchus who were considered outside the realm of the Chinese nation.

These were humiliating submissions for the once all-powerful Manchus.

** Tungusic languages: Manchus ( formerly ), Hezhe, etc.

The Khitan fled west after their defeat by the Tungusic Jurchens ( later known as Manchus ) and founded the Kara-Khitan or Western Liao dynasty ( 1125 – 1218 ) in eastern Kazakhstan.

After the 1911 revolution, which resulted in the collapse of the Manchu-established Qing Dynasty, the name of the region where the Manchus originated was known as the Northeast in official documents in the newly founded Republic of China, in addition to the " Three Northeast Provinces ".

The Jīn Dynasty ( Jurchen: Anchun Gurun ;, ); Manchu: Aisin Gurun ; Khitan language: Nik, Niku ; ; 1115 – 1234 ), also known as the Jurchen Dynasty or Jurched Dynasty, was founded by the Wanyan ( 完顏 Wányán ) clan of the Jurchens, the ancestors of the Manchus who established the Qing Dynasty some 500 years later.

Since the Manchus ' rise to prominence in 1644, the name " Tartars " became applied to them as well, and Manchuria ( and Mongolia ) became known to the Europeans as the " Chinese Tartary ".

The ancestors of the Daurs are thought to be closely related to the Khitans and the Mongols, while the Duchers may have been a branch of the Jurchen people, later known as the Manchus.

The Manchus ( Manchu :, Möllendorff: manju ; ) are members of an indigenous people of Manchuria also known as red tasseled Manchus ( Manchu :, Möllendorff: fulgiyan sorson manju ; 红缨满洲 ) because of their traditional hat ornaments.

The title Khan was also used to designate the greatest rulers of the Jurchens, who, later when known as the Manchus, founded the Mongolian-Manchu Qing dynasty of China.

The Yuan remnants, known as Northern Yuan, continued to rule Mongolia until 1635 when the semi-nomadic Manchus from Manchuria defeated them.

Some were young students like Zou Rong, known for writing the book Revolutionary Army, in which he talked about the extermination of the Manchus for the 260 years of oppression, sorrow, cruelty and tyranny and turned the sons and grandsons of Yellow Emperor into George Washingtons.

On December 3, revolutionary Su Liangbi led troops in a massacre of a large number of Manchus ( the exact number is not known ).

While most ruling dynasties in Chinese history were founded by native Chinese, there were also non-native or Conquest Dynasties established by non-Han Chinese people beyond the traditional border of China ( also known as China proper ), such as the Yuan founded by Mongols and the Qing founded by Manchus, who later conquered China and assumed the title of Emperor of China.

The Jin dynasty ( jin means gold in Chinese ) of the Jurchens, ancestors of the Manchus, was known as aisin gurun, and the Qing dynasty was initially named ( 40px ) amaga aisin gurun, or Later Jin dynasty.

After the capture of Albazin in 1685 or 1686, the Manchus relocated their town, to a new site on the right ( southwestern, i. e. presently Chinese ) bank of the Amur, about downstream from the original site ; it later became known as Aigun.

Together Wu and the Manchus fought what has become known as the Battle of Shanhai Pass against Li Zicheng.

After the fall of northern China to the Manchus in 1644, a sequence of Ming princes one after another established short-lived regimes at various locations in central and southern China, collectively known as the Southern Ming Dynasty.

Though the battle extended beyond the borders traditionally known as Manchuria — that is, the traditional lands of the Manchus — the coordinated and integrated invasions of Japan's northern territories has also been called the Battle of Manchuria.

The Kang was also an important feature of traditional dwellings in the often frigid northeastern region of Manchuria, where it was known as nahan in the native language of the local Manchus.

This relationship lasted until 1125, when the Song broke the treaty by inviting the Jurchens ( later known as Manchus ) to attack the Liao.

The first Tungusic language to be attested is Jurchen, the language of the ancestors of the Manchus.

The Manchus are descended from the Jurchen people who earlier established the Jin Dynasty ( 1115 – 1234 ) in China but as early as the semi-mythological chronicles of the Three Sovereigns and Five Emperors there is mention of the Sushen, a Tungusic people from the northern Manchurian region of North East Asia, who paid bows and arrows as tribute to Shun and later to Zhou.

In 1636, Nurhaci's son Hong Taiji, reorganized the Manchus, including those other groups ( such as Hans and Mongols ) who had joined them, changed the nation's name to Qing Empire, and formally changed the name of the ethnic designation to Manchu, outlawing use of the name Jurchen.

** Jurchen – Manchu of Manchuria, the language of the Jurchen / Manchus, who founded the Jin Dynasty and Qing dynasties of China.

Throughout Chinese history, it served as a frontier of defense against tribes from Manchuria ( e. g. the Khitan, Jurchen and the Manchus ).

Ancient ethnic tribes such as the Fuyu, the Goguryeo, the Khitans, the Jurchen, the Mongols, the Manchus, and Koreans have left behind cultural artifacts, including Hanzhou, Xinzhou, and the Yehe Tribe Cultural Artifacts.