Manicheans fleeing before the Vandals had come to Rome in 439 and secretly organized there ; Leo learned of this around 443, and proceeded against them by holding a public debate with their representatives, burning their books, and warning the Roman Christians against them.

Indeed, in 340, the Synod of Gangra condemned the Manicheans for their urging that slaves should liberate themselves ; the canons of the Synod instead declared that anyone preaching abolitionism should be anathematised, and that slaves had a Christian obligation to submit to their masters.

In 340 the Synod of Gangra in Armenia, condemned certain Manicheans for a list of twenty practices including forbidding marriage, not eating meat, urging that slaves should liberate themselves, abandoning their families, asceticism and reviling married priests.

According to Mauro Orbini ( d. 1614 ), the Patarenes and the Manicheans were two Christian religious sects in Bosnia.

* Book 6: End of war against Normans ( 1085 ), death of Robert Guiscard, the Turks ( Alexius recaptures Kastoria-Persecution of Manicheans ( Paulicians )- Alexius in front of the Church Court — Conspiracy and revolt — The alliance with Venice-Death of Guiscard — Persecution of wizards and astrologers — Births of porphyrogenitoi-Alexius against the Turks-The Scythian threat ( Pechenegs ))

The Manicheans appear to have referred to the Gospel of Mani by this title, and as such it may be the same text.

" Their doctrines have numerous resemblances to those of the Bogomils and the earlier Paulicians as well as the Manicheans and the Christian Gnostics of the first few centuries AD, although, as many scholars, most notably Mark Pegg, have pointed out, it would be erroneous to extrapolate direct, historical connections based on theoretical similarities perceived by modern scholars.

Following some public disputes with Manicheans, Diocletian ordered that the leading followers of Mani be burnt alive along with their scriptures.

In a 31 March 302 rescript from Alexandria, he declared that low-status Manicheans must be executed by the blade, and high-status Manicheans must be sent to work in the quarries of Proconnesus ( Marmara Island, Turkey ) or the mines of Phaeno in southern Palestine.

Dominic's education at Palencia gave him the knowledge he needed to overcome the Manicheans.

The consistency of Justinian's policy meant that the Manicheans too suffered severe persecution, experiencing both exile and threat of capital punishment.

At Constantinople, on one occasion, not a few Manicheans, after strict inquisition, were executed in the emperor's very presence: some by burning, others by drowning.

However, the Manicheans believed he was wholly divine.

Such strategic claims fostered a spirit of toleration among the Manicheans and the other religious communities and this particular feature greatly assisted them in gaining the approval of authorities to practice in different regions along the Silk Road.

However, Augustine does argue ( against the Manicheans ) that humans have free will ; however, their will is so distorted, and the Fall is so extensive, that in the postlapsarian world they can only choose evil.

Fifth Session ( October 4, 787 ) -- It was claimed that the iconoclast heresy came originally from Jews, Saracens, and Manicheans.

Manicheans often identified many of Mani's cosmological figures with Zoroastrian ones.

Mainstream Christian theology sees these as references to Satan (" the Devil "), but Gnostics, Marcionites, and Manicheans saw these as references to Yahweh ( God ) himself.

The Manicheans readily adopted the Gnostic usage ; and their archons are invariably evil beings.

German academic Werner Sundermann has asserted that the Manicheans adopted the name Mithra to designate one of their own deities.

Citing Boyce, Sundermann remarks, " It was among the Parthian Manicheans that Mithra as a sun god surpassed the importance of Narisaf as the common Iranian image of the Third Messenger ; among the Parthians the dominance of Mithra was such that his identification with the Third Messenger led to cultic emphasis on the Mithraic traits in the Manichaean god.

However, the Manicheans believed that he was wholly divine.

Such strategic claims fostered a spirit of toleration among the Manicheans and the other religious communities and this particular feature greatly assisted them in gaining the approval of authorities to practice in different regions along the Silk Road.

9. the doctrines ( maqalat ) of other religions ( Manicheans, Hindus, Buddhists and Chinese );

Peter Caroli had come to Geneva, saying that he had been a bishop of the Church of Rome and had been persecuted in Paris for his Reformed faith.

But Michael Sept had unmasked him, revealing he had never been a bishop, but was an Anabaptist, afraid to state his faith, because he knew John Calvin had written a book against their belief that the soul slept after death.

These exceptions, introduced with a good object, had grown into a widespread evil by the 12th century, virtually creating an imperium in imperio, and depriving the bishop of all authority over the chief centres of influence in his diocese.

At the First Synod of Tyre in AD 335, they brought accusations against Athanasius, bishop of Alexandria, the primary opponent of Arius ; after this, Constantine had Athanasius banished, since he considered him an impediment to reconciliation.

His advisor in these affairs was Eusebius of Nicomedia, who had already at the Council of Nicea been the head of the Arian party, who also was made bishop of Constantinople.

Theodosius had just been baptized, by bishop Acholius of Thessalonica, during a severe illness, as was common in the early Christian world.

Although a bishop was promptly appointed to Hereford, none was named to Worcester, and it appears that Ealdred intended to retain Worcester along with York, which several of his predecessors had done.

Church, Ministry and Sacraments in the New Testament Paternoster Press: 1993, p. 94f </ ref > He also points out that when Ignatius writes to the Romans, there is no mention of a bishop of the Roman Church, " which we may suppose had not not yet adopted the monarchical episcopate.

In 1763, Greek Orthodox bishop Erasmus of the Diocese of Arcadia, visited London, where John Wesley had considerable conversation with him, and ordained several Methodist lay preachers as priests, including John Jones.

John Wesley held that, as a presbyter, though not a bishop, he had the power to transmit apostolic succession to others and himself ordained ministers for the United States.

As early as 880, Arnulf had designs on Great Moravia, and had the Frankish bishop Wiching of Nitra interfere with the missionary activities of Methodius, with the aim of preventing any potential for creating a unified Moravian nation.

For three hundred years, beginning with bishop Ansgar, the Hamburg-Bremen archbishopric had been designated as the " Mission of the North " and had jurisdiction over all missions in Scandinavia, North-Western Russia, Iceland and Greenland.

According to the 12th-century bishop of Athens, Michael Choniates, by his time the island had become a base for pirates.

He sent for the children and, in the investigation that followed, it was discovered that one of the boys ( none other than Athanasius ) had acted the part of the bishop and in that character had actually baptized several of his companions in the course of their play.

While Alexander had been priming Athanasius to assume the bishopric after his death, it is said, he was not unanimously supported, and questions of his age ( the minimum age to become a bishop was thirty, and questions remain to this day whether he was yet that old ).

Wilfrid had been present at the exhumation of her body in 695, and Bede questioned the bishop about the exact circumstances of the body and asked for more details of her life, as Wilfrid had been her advisor.

The term epískopos was not from the earliest times clearly distinguished from the term presbýteros (" elder ", " senior ", nowadays used to signify a priest ), but the term was already clearly used in the sense of the order or office of bishop, distinct from that of priest in the writings of Ignatius of Antioch ( died c. 108 ), and sources from the middle of the 2nd century undoubtedly set forth that all the chief centres of Christianity recognized and had the office of bishop, using a form of organization that remained universal until the Protestant Reformation.