* 1213 – 1203 BC — Merneptah Stele makes the earliest recorded mention of Israel.

Some consider his most famous discovery to be that of the Merneptah Stele, an opinion with which Petrie himself concurred. Petrie developed the system of dating layers based on pottery and ceramic findings.

* Merneptah Stele

** Merneptah Stele

There is also an account of the same events in the form of a poem from the Merneptah Stele, widely known as the Israel Stele, which makes reference to the supposed utter destruction of Israel in a campaign prior to his 5th year in Canaan: " Israel has been wiped out ... its seed is no more.

" Donald B. Redford thinks it reasonable to conclude that the demonym ' Israel ' recorded on the Merneptah Stele refers to a Shasu enclave, and that, since later Biblical tradition portrays Yahweh " coming forth from Se ' ir " the Shasu, originally from Moab and northern Edom, went on to form one major element in the amalgam that was to constitute the ' Israel ' which later established the Kingdom of Israel.

# REDIRECT Merneptah Stele

The evidence which led to the abandonment of Albright's theory include: the collar-rimmed jars have been recognised as an indigenous form originating in lowland Canaanite cities centuries earlier ; while some " Joshua " cities, including Hazor, Lachish, Megiddo and others, have destruction and transition layers around 1250-1145 BCE, others, including Jericho, have no destruction layers or were uninhabited during this period ; and the Merneptah Stele indicates that a people called " Israel " were already known in Canaan by the reign of Merneptah ( 1213-1203 BCE ).

Some scholars have additionally connected both Tiras and the Etruscans with Troas ( Troy ), as well as with the contingent of Sea Peoples known to New Kingdom of Egypt as the " Tursha " ( Ramesses III inscription ) or " Teresh of the Sea " ( Merneptah Stele ).

( This conflict is also described on the Merneptah Stele, also known as the Israel Stele.

# redirect Merneptah Stele

* Flinders Petrie discovers the Merneptah Stele at Luxor Temple, containing the earliest known mention of Israel

The Merneptah stele ( JE 31408 ), bearing the first record of the name Israel ( Cairo Museum )

The Merneptah stele ( JE 31408 ), bearing the first record of the name Israel ( Cairo Museum )

Merneptah moved the administrative center of Egypt from Piramesse ( Pi-Ramesses ), his father's capital, back to Memphis, where he constructed a royal palace next to the temple of Ptah.

Naneferkaptah was the royal heir, being the son of Merneptah's royal wife, Queen Isetnofret ( Isisnofret ), but he, his wife, and their heir died before the death of Merneptah, and their story survives in text.

The first record of the name Israel ( as ) occurs in the Merneptah stele, erected for Egyptian Pharaoh Merneptah c. 1209 BCE, " Israel is laid waste and his seed is not.

The first record of the name Israel occurs in the Merneptah stele, erected for Egyptian Pharaoh Merneptah c. 1209 BCE, " Israel is laid waste and his seed is not.

The name Israel first appears in the stele of the Egyptian pharaoh Merneptah c. 1209 BCE, " Israel is laid waste and his seed is no more.

The name Israel first appears c. 1209 BCE, at the end of the Late Bronze Age and the very beginning of the period archaeologists and historians call Iron Age I, in an inscription of the Egyptian pharaoh Merneptah.

Since an Egyptian sword bearing the name of pharaoh Merneptah was found in the destruction levels, 1190 BC was taken as the date for the beginning of the LH IIIC.

The Jezreel Valley takes its name from the ancient city of Jezreel ( known in Arabic as Zir ' in ; ) which was located on a low hill overlooking the southern edge of the valley, though some scholars think that the name of the city originates from the name of the clan which founded it, and whose existence is mentioned in the Merneptah stele.

Merneptah probably was the fourth child of Isetnofret, the second wife of Ramesses II, and he was married to Queen Isetnofret, his royal wife, who was likely his full sister bearing the name of their mother.

She is unnamed there but according to Joyce Tyldesley it is possible that her name was also Bintanath and she married the next pharaoh, Merneptah.

* 1207 BC: Pharaoh Merneptah claims a victory over the people of Israel.

* 1207 BC: Pharaoh Merneptah claims a victory over the people of Israel.

It is mentioned in the victory stele of Merneptah, dating from the end of the 13th century BCE, which also specifically mentions " Israel " as a nation that had been defeated.

" Israel in the Merneptah Stela ," Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research, No. 296, pp. 45-61.

The later Stele of the Vultures at the end of the Early Dynastic III period ( 2600 – 2350 BC ), commemorating the victory of Eannatum of Lagash over the neighbouring rival city of Umma is the oldest monument in the world that celebrates a massacre.

The most prolific writers there were collectively referred to as the Five Great Masters of the Northern School ( 北派五大家 ) -- Huanzhu Louzhu ( 還珠樓主 ), who wrote The Swordspeople from Shu Mountains ( 蜀山剑侠传 )); Bai Yu, who wrote Twelve Coin Darts ( 十二钱镖 ); Wang Dulu, who wrote The Crane-Iron Pentalogy ( 鹤铁五部作 ); Zheng Zhengyin ( 郑证因 ), who wrote The King of Eagle Claws ( 鹰爪王 ); and Zhu Zhenmu ( 朱贞木 ), who wrote The Seven-Killing Stele ( 七杀碑 ).

Other well-known examples are the Memphis Stele ( Memphis Stone ), bearing the Decree of Memphis, about 218 BC, passed by his son, Ptolemy IV, and the famous Rosetta Stone erected by Ptolemy Epiphanes, his grandson, in 196 BC.

* 1623-A stone monument ( Nestorian Stele ) is unearthed in Xi ' an ( Si-ngan-fu ), China.

Other composers of Hölderlin settings include Peter Cornelius, Hans Pfitzner, Richard Strauss ( Drei Hymnen ), Max Reger ( An die Hoffnung ), Alphons Diepenbrock ( Die Nacht ), Richard Wetz ( Hyperion ), Josef Matthias Hauer, Hermann Reutter ( an opera, a choral work, 18 songs ), Stefan Wolpe, Paul Hindemith, Benjamin Britten, Hans Werner Henze, Bruno Maderna ( Hyperion, Stele an Diotima ), Heinz Holliger ( the Scardanelli-Zyklus ), Hans Zender ( Hölderlin lesen I-IV ), György Kurtág ( who planned an opera on Hölderlin ), György Ligeti ( Hölderlin-Phantasien ), Hanns Eisler ( Hollywood Liederbuch ), Viktor Ullmann ( who wrote settings in Terezin concentration camp ), Wolfgang von Schweinitz, Walter Zimmermann ( Hyperion, an epistolary opera ) and Wolfgang Rihm.

In the New Kingdom, the Sphinx was called Hor-em-akhet (; Hellenized: Harmachis ), and the pharaoh Thutmose IV ( 1401 – 1391 or 1397 – 1388 BC ) specifically referred to it as such in his Dream Stele.

The Dream Stele, erected much later by the pharaoh Thutmose IV ( 1401 – 1391 or 1397 – 1388 BC ), associates the Sphinx with Khafra.

The earliest and one of the most important extant texts in Jurchen is the inscription on the back of " the Jin Victory Memorial Stele " ( Da Jin deshengtuo songbei ), which was erected in 1185, during the Dading period ( 1161 – 1189 ).

Another stele usually cited in conjunction with this one is the " Aswan Stele " ( there were other stelae at Aswan ), which mentions the king's operations to defeat a number of peoples including those of the " Great Green ( the Egyptian name for the Mediterranean )".

In the course of time, many of these stelae fell to the ground due to: structural collapse ( as, likely, the case of the Great Stele, measuring 33 m ), possibly immediately after their erection ; earthquakes ( Axum is in a seismical zone ); or the military incursions of the Imam Ahmad Gragn during the Ethiopian-Adal War from 1529-43.

From Persian ruled Assyria ( Assuristan ), missionary activity established the Saint Thomas Christians of India and the Nestorian Stele and Daqin Pagoda in China.

An Arameans king's account dating at least two centuries later, the Tel Dan Stele, was discovered in northern Israel, and is famous for being perhaps the earliest non-Israelite extra-biblical historical reference to the Israelite royal dynasty, the House of David.

The earliest textual reference to the term " Wokou " as a Japanese invader comes from the Korean Gwanggaeto Stele erected in 414.

* Stele, earliest stone tablet inscriptions